A Passage to India by Forster Essay Example for Free

A Passage to India by Forster EssayBy close analysis of the structure and language of chapter i discuss how Forster expresses his over on the whole concerns deep down the impertinent as a whole via this initial description of the Indian landscape.Through chapter one of A Passage to India Forster does far more than introduce the bittie town of Chandrapore. In this initial section of the clean the construction of the text reverberates the tiered Indian friendship that becomes the basis for Forsters deeper exploration of mankindkind and human behaviour. In addition, the ominous significance of the Marabar Caves within the novel is prefigured via the mysterious imagery used to describe them. This is contrasted by the more optimistic language which is used to describe the overarching convulse that unifies all men and points towards a hope for the future of peaceful co-existence.At the beginning of the chapter the reader is start introduced to the Muslim aspect of Chandrapor e, the lowest tier of the Indian society but perhaps the most resilient. Here what Adela will later refer to as the Real India is depicted. Through vivid imagery the area appears same to a wasteland devoid of any significance. Even the holy river Ganges is draw as Trailing for a couple of milesscarcely distinguishable from the rubbish it deposits so freely. It is negative language such as this that creates a compounding sense of desolation about the Real India. This of course is entirely necessary in roll for Forster to create and convey the contrast in the midst of the Indian and English cultures which he believes to be incompatible in this context.Graphic and harsh language permeates the whole of this first section of the chapter creating a highly effective image of the squalor in which the Mohammedan Indians are condemned to live by their English rulers. The streets are Mean the Temples useless and the Filth of alleyways deters all but the invited guest. By describing their quarter in such a way Forster makes the Muslim Indian seem almost sub-human to his readers, this of course, is how they are viewed by the English.They are remarked upon as Low but also as Indestructible. Despite their apparent lack of sophistication, the way in which, The general outline of the town persists comes to reflect the similar way in which the Muslim culture, although suppressed by the English, is based upon strong foundations of religious devotion and an inextinguishable spirit. Forster describes them as Swelling hereshrinking there and by doing so creates a very evocative image which captures perfectly the way in which the Indian race move en-mass and in accord, united in their angst to feel their homeland.As Forster remarks, Inland the prospect alters and the Eurasian, Anglo-India described in the second section of the passage could not present a more stark contrast to that of Muslim Chandrapore. Here the houses belonging to the Eurasians Stand on high ground an impor tant symbol which reflects the way in which the English believe themselves to be above the Indian race two morally and intellectually. It is this attitude of ignorance and racial superiority which will be developed and scathingly criticised by Forster as the novel progresses. Indeed it could be argued that humanitys unwillingness to under patronage one another is the underlying theme behind the whole text and that in reliableity Adela and Mrs. Moores passage to India is in fact a deeper analogy for a more complex passage of mankind towards understanding itself.On a second rise of land lies the Little civil station. As the focal point for Eurasian society it is remarked that, From hereChandrapore appears to be a totally different place. This observation encapsulates the way in which the station and its social club both seem to be isolated from the rest of India. Immersed in a fantasy world of British high society the station itself is described as, Provoking no emotion and Sensibly planned. This epitomises the logical mindset of the English, which deeply contrasts that of the un backgroundly Indian and highlights how even at a simple level of human understanding harmony is not possible between the two cultures creating the Muddle which is colonial India. Britains attitude of imposing herself upon other nations, typical of this time period before partition, is something heavily attacked by Forster. Throughout the text he is seen to criticise England replicated in India because to him this is unnatural and false.During the entirety of this second section of the passage Forster adopts a tone of negativity towards the English. Their section of Chandrapore is described as, Sharing nothing with the rest of the city except the overarching sky conveying the way in which they consciously isolate themselves from the Indians. In the overall context of the novel this image becomes very important. As gradually relations between the two races come to deteriorate the sky c omes to be the only unifying element between Indian and Englishman. Further more, the way in which the image is echoed throughout the text seems to suggest the existence of a more powerful presence beyond man both physically and in terms of significance within the universe. It is Forsters belief that ultimately the petty quarrels of man are meaningless in such a vast entity.The final section of the chapter is used by Forster to expand on the concept of the overarching sky. It is described as having a Persistent blue core the stars suspension system like lamps from the immense vault which is the sky and it is elevated imagery such as this which comes to symbolise a hope for the future of mankind. In contrast to the jamming and misunderstanding which covers India and the rest of the earth, the sky instead represents an element which unifies all men.Its persistence represents a hope that one day all the problems of man explored within the novel will pale into insignificance. It could be argued the description of the sky evokes an atmosphere akin to that of the Hindu religion. Forster remarks, The sky settles everything and indeed to Godbole and his fellow Hindus this is to a certain degree true. The incontestible questions, the answers to which are sought by both Muslim and Christian are left to be pondered by Godbole. He seeks to answer questions about his own spiritual existence and the natural world around him. As a result his passage within the novel becomes one of progression as opposed one to of retreat as is experienced by Aziz and Fielding.The Chapter ends with a final short image of the mysterious Marabar caves. All around League after league the earth lies flat, yet in the south, A group of fists and fingers are thrust up through the soil. These fingers are the Marabar hills and seem to point mysteriously towards the heavens above. The way in which they seem to separate themselves from their earthly surroundings suggests an equally unearthly presence about them. This of course will be proved true by the marvelous and inexplicable violation which Adela experiences within their walls. Dark and devoid of humanity they represent an aspect of India that the logical English will never be able to conquer. whence it is possible to conclude that the first Chapter of A Passage to India can be regarded as a template for the novel as a whole. Almost all of Forsters overall concerns are indicated by its content and it is clear that the varied description of the Indian landscape comes to symbolise differences between those who inhabit the land.This disjointed construction of society will only increase as the novel progresses ultimately leading to the personal retreat of the novels two main characters, Aziz and Fielding whom are unable to stand out as individuals and trapped within the confines of their own cultures. It will be only the deeply spiritual Godbole who is shown to have made any real progress via his own Passage to India and of c ourse Mrs. Moore, who despite her death becomes a symbol for hope by the way in which she is revered as a Hindu Goddess.BibliographyA Passage to India E.M. ForsterClassic notes www.classicnotes.com

Applications of virtual simulation and their impact in education and training Essay Example for Free

Applications of virtual dissembling and their impact in breeding and prep EssayBy replicating experiences, simulations hold great potential for educating people or training professionals for almost any task. Research shows more learning is acquired by virtual reality than through reading or lectures. Different from other visual technologies such as film, television and photography, virtual simulation is very effective in education and training because it washstand provide synergetic experience with theories and concepts. Students learn while they argon situated in the context where what they learn is to be applied.They get immediate feedback as they explore their understanding of the material (Hitlab). Virtual reality transports learners and lets them explore places they are not able to visit or experience in the real introduction and could also allow them to visit different places in different time periods that they could not experience in one lifetime. Indeed, virtual r eality evokes many possibilities for education and training across a whole range of disciplines. Despite prohibitive costs, more and more educational institutions are exploring simulation technologies as teaching back up and research tools (Byrne, 1993).However, the benefits far outweigh the high costs of simulation technologies. For example, virtual simulation could be utilize to avoid the physical, safety, and cost constraints that limit schools in the types of environments they push aside provide for learning-by-doing. To expose them to situated learning, Nuclear Engineering students could learn more about the nuclear reactor by studying simulated models with HMD and 3D gloves sort of of a real nuclear reactor. Virtual reality technology facilitates constructivist learning activities and also supports different types of learners such as those who are visually oriented.Virtual simulation could also solve the limitations of distance learning in science and engineering education by providing virtual laboratories in place of hands-on experiments. Physical phenomena that are not easily perceived or measured in usual experiments can be presented in a virtual world and can be viewed in many different perspectives in a VR laboratory. Furthermore, virtual simulation could also address the problems of high costs and hazards of complicated experiments (Kim, et al. , 2001). Figure 2. Simulation offers interactive demonstration of the AC and DC generators (from Kim, et al. , 2001)Simulations in education focus on specific lessons or tasks and allow the replication of abstract concepts and ideas. Simulation techniques are used to create a microworld that simulates an abstract concept and allows the learner to experiment or construct objects to facilitate understanding. A good example of a microworld is the Global argufy Award online STEM learning web site that teaches science concepts related to global warming and the future of energy. Virtual simulation could also be used, for example, by an ecology to study hydrology and population growth and decay for wildlife species in a given geographic region.An astronomer could also simulate the collision of galaxies and the formation of aphotic matter. Virtual simulation allows professionals to explore their fields without having to run extensive and costly physical, on site, experiments (Fishwick, 1995). The use of simulation environments has been found to be very effective educational tools because they support self-driven learning (Trindade et al. , 2002). Figure 3. Interactive demonstration of different types of waves (from Kim, et al. , 2001)Multisensory immersion would be the best way for science students to learn complex scientific concepts. In a study of virtual reality physics simulation (VRPS) conducted by Kim, et al. (2001), it was found out that students who were exposed to VRPS programs that provide rich interactive learning environments showed high academic achievement and felt more sa tisfaction and interest in the learning process. In another study done by Jensen, et al. (2004), it was shown that 3D visualizations can improve learner satisfaction due to the vivid presentation, and at least maintain learning efficacy.

Human - Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Human Meaning of life Essay?I really have to give reference work for my religion beliefs for my search on the meaning of life. Im a fully baptized Catholic, and a part of Gods Church. 17 years of being a Catholic and in search of the meaning of life, I have always thought it is about the Call to Holiness. My religion taught me that being a part of Gods Church is no accident, but because God wanted to share in His own blessed life, and in doing so He wanted me to desire serve Him freely by following His will. And by following his will, God will grant me eternal happiness which will pinch to my salvation.All Catholics knew that God sent His son, Jesus, to set an example for us. Jesus showed the perfect example answered the call to Holiness. He showed us that we should cheat our neighbors as God showed His love for us and that is what the Call to Holiness is. In search for the true meaning of life, it will take plenty of years, but for now I plan to ticktack with what my r eligion has taught me. Carl Rogers Carl Rogers emphasized focused on self-actualization. He believed that a somebody should develop his/her potential to the fullest, and in good condition.In doing so, the environment of a person should be inherently good. A person will only stop developing if constraints block the development. A fully developed person shows that he/she achieved the highest direct of being a right fully-functioning human being. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi, which means great soul, was an ideologist during the Independent movement of India from the British. As an ideological leader he believed violence should neer be an answer to fight for his peoples rights, and should never take discrimination.He also believed that harmony, truth equality exists between all religions. With these 2 powerful personas, I have noticed similarities between them. They both talk about human beings having a common good inside of them. They emphasized that all earthly concern were bo rn good, but because of destructive environment, they tend to turn their backs on what is right. Sources http//www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. html http//www. ask. com/question/what-were-gandhi-s-beliefs.

A Story Of The Tell Tale Heart

A Story Of The Tell Tale HeartEin truthbody loves a profound hi fiction We submit been told stories since a young age to a fault as we grow up we continue to be surrounded by them. However, what makes a good and interesting story? For me in order to answer this question, I have chosen three short stories to evaluate them, which argon The Tell Tale Heart, The Monkeys grate and The Land wench. The main ingredients of the three stories mentioned higher up be the genre, reference books and the setting. The genre of the story doesnt have to be very sophisticated, but it should tell us about the aim of the story such as is the story aimed to make us laugh or cry?The Tell Tale HeartThe Tell Tale Heart is a short story is indite by Edger Allan Poe in 1843. The interesting part of the story is the guilt of a mad man who hears the heart of the old man he has killed still beating.Although the readers are given a rare insight into the mind of a mad man, but what is specially of interest is that this mad man is in obvious refutation of his insanity and he acts like a child who has done something incorrectly and knows that the readers know it. In detail it is within the depression two sentences of the story that the vote counter feels he must convince to the readers of his sanity but not madness Very dreadfully nervous I had been and am but what will you separate that I am mad. other interesting point was made by the author the way in which the narrator talks fluctuate rapidly. When the narrator first defends his sanity, he claverms calm, relaxed, and so far intelligent. Then later like the above passage he seems to be rambling like a crazed lunatic.It is the clock when he is calm in his manner of speech, which he is in his deepest state of a self-denial, to the time where he almost convinced of his sanity. It is interesting to note beside the obvious fact that it is impossible to hear everything in the heaven and earth, the symbolism that can be found in h is speech I heard many things in hell. This relation is the narrators subconscious.After the narrator committed the murder of the old man, he started speaking about the precautions he took precautions that he believed only a sane man could have taken. Where things really get interesting is when the narrator lunges in to kill the old man. He shrieked once-only once. The scream of the old man something that could easily be audible to the neighbours causes the narrator no anxiety. In fact the narrator almost immediately shifts its attention back to the heart. He hears the old mans heart beating furiously, terrified for his brio. It is until now not the old mans heart which the narrator is hearing but it is his own heart.The author does something very clever in the above part, he further portrays the narrators falsify sense of reality by describing the sense of anxiety that the narrator receives from the loudness of the old mans heart, fearing that it will wake the neighbours.The gr eatest symbolism between a heart, the narrators first-rate hearing and a conscience comes at the end of the story. Where the narrator manages to convince the police officers that there is nothing suspicious at the house but thence the heart comes into play once again. Clearly the narrator is not hearing an actual noise, but is suffering from the manifestations of his maddened mind. Villains I shirked, dissemble no to a greater extent I admit the deedtear up the plankshere, hereit is the beating of his hideous heart. The narrators insanity gives him away to the police, he cant take it any all-night and he cries out his guilty confession.Through the guise of the narrators madness, Poe portrays the mans consciousness as the beating of his heart. In essence the narrator is hearing a physical mold of his own guilt. The fascinating, but convoluted, point of view through which the story is portrayed is masterfully done to the point where Poe has his readers picking through the madness t o separate what is very going on, from how the narrator perceives things are going on. Poe uses symbolism and point of view as his greatest assets, and expertly portrays the order to madness. In its genius simplicity, Poe uses the narrators continuous denial to convince the reader of his undoubted insanity.The Monkeys PawThe Monkeys Paw is a short story is written by W. W. Jacobs. The interesting part of the story begins when tragedy strikes the White Family, when sergeant-at-law Major Morris brings a Monkeys Paw into their lives which is said to grant three complimentses. This story had three main parts. These parts were the first wish, the first wish granted and the spot and the third base wishes.The way author has used day, night and the weather at the beginning of the story immediately captures the readers interest by explain that it is a atrocious day with nothing to look forward, when he formulates the night was cold and wet in the small parlour of laburnum villa. The m ajority of the storys scenes feel at night, exit only a few scenes in daylight. During the night, the weather is never pleasant and often unsettling, but during the day the weather is decent. The author purposely sets the suspenseful scenes during the wickedness leaving the reader to expect something horrible to happen. The scenes that take place during the day are not as scary and do not have the aforesaid(prenominal) effect as those at night. The authors main reason for setting these scenes at night is to target the readers fears. For example, the scene where Mr. White wishes for his son to come back to life is set at night to make it fearful and suspenseful. When their wish came true, it was a stormy night. There was heavy rain, thunder and lightning. If it had been set in the daylight it would not have had the same effect. The setting had been in the middle of nowhere it provides a feeling of isolation from civilization, and also when it at night it establishes the expectatio n that something could go wrong and therefore helps to build suspense. This makes the story better and interesting.Jacobs has made this story interesting because the reader attention got drawn into by listening to Sergeant Major Morris travels in India and the mysterious tale of The Monkeys Paw Well, its just a bit of what you might call magic, perhaps as the Sergeant Major said. Jacobs makes the tale even to a greater extent intriguing by the way the Sergeant Major tells the tale about The Monkeys Paw but then goes on to being reserved about it.Another interesting part is that all the previous owners of The Monkeys Paw remain unknown, and the only thing that is revealed is that something horrible happened to them. The Sergeant Major only mentioned about one of them, as he talked about his wishes I dont know what the first two were, but the third was for death. The three wishes are also spaced just right, so that the events in the story can take place the way they do. The first wish s horrible results are enough to create to a greater extent tension in the plot, but pop off enough wishes for there to be hope of touching it. The second wish serves to complicate the plot further, yet leaves the third wish as an option to fix it.The author adds depth and more excitement to the story by injecting suspense and mystery at almost every turn. From the beginning, he uses somewhat vague dialogue and intriguing character reactions to create tension. For example when Mr. White questioned the Sergeant Major about The Monkeys Paw, he replied Leastways, nothing worth hearing. This shows the Sergeant Major Morris discomfort enchantment speaking of The Monkeys Paw draws the reader in and keeps them hooked. The audience can understand the uncomfortable history surrounding the strange talisman. This tension exponentially has increased when Morris perfectly threw The Monkeys Paw at the fire and he said Better let it burn. At this moment, the military mans true fear and hatred of The Monkeys Paw reveal themselves. The undefiled climax of the story also radiates pulse pounding suspense.The author images the readers perspective and interest through the story by other methods as well. The previous owners of The Monkeys Paw are a great example of irony. Something bad happened to them, when the Sergeant Major reveals. This creates a fearful image to the readers mind and the reader is looking for something similar to happen to the Whites family. Even though the Whites expected their magical money to come falling from the sky, when Herbert said Might drop on his head from the sky. At second and third parts of the story the readers attention focuses on Mr. and Mrs. White, and not the events that take place outside their house. The reader never really sees how the wish on the paw caused their sons shameful accident, or whether or not he was brought back to life. It could all be a coincidence but because of the perspective the reader is forced to take, the stor y seems more sinister and powerful than it might have otherwise. This effect is used to its fullest extent when the lost son is apparently brought back to life. The knocking on the door was believed to be him, even though Mr. White didnt believe to be him, as he said to his wife For Gods sake, dont let it in, but the last wish was made onward the door was opened. Its possible that he was never there at all, despite what the characters in the story believe.The author never really reveal what was the last wish but one can assume that he wished he had never made his second wish. The end of the story is open and leaves us to come up with an end of our own.Conclusion the author has managed to use a good connection between each part of the story, which captures the readers interesting by explaining how the Whites in the beginning of the story are content, yet skeptical of the magical properties of The Monkeys Paw. Through the events of the story, their world has turned upside down, and i n the end they are wrestling on the floor for control of the same Monkeys Paw. Their previous happiness is converted to despair and sorrow in just ten days.The LandladyThe Landlady is a short story which has an unexpected ending by Roald Dahl. The writer uses clever structure and effective characterization to create such a surprising and satisfactory ending.I find the author has set the time and weather in condition, which creates an aura of suspense and a sinister in the story. he-goat arrived in Bath at 9pm and it is a time when darkness takes all over light, as dark represents evil.The moon was coming up out of a clear starry sky. This quote is associated with strong things happening creating evil as the atmosphere changes and it shows the start of a supernatural suspense.The air was deadly cold and the cuckold was like flat blades of ice on his cheeks. Roald Dahls word choice is excellent and chillingly describes the spring scene. By the use of words, such as cold, deadly and blade the author gives us clues, hinting at billy goats, the main character and his fate. The weather was not pleasant because the wind was sharp and deadly cold. Flat blade is associated with knife which is related to evil because it causes people to bleed when cut.Billy is seventeen this is another good reason, which is given by the writer in the story. Why? Because it is evident from the story that Billy is mature since he is making his own sensible decisions and is starting a good business organization but in reality he is young and vulnerable boy. He is also sociable, handsome and generally a likable person. There are some(prenominal) suggestions in the paragraph to back this up. He enjoys darts, likes going out. The writer introduces him the perfect teenage boy to readers. The problem is he catches the eye of the landlady, an original and unusual character to commit murder.Roald Dahl uses the setting to the condition that without it the story wouldnt work. If it was set in the modern day we would have the problem of communication via internet or restless phones. In the modern day Billys mum or the people receiving him in his new job would have phoned the next day when they didnt hear from him but at the time when the story is set there was a lot less communication between people and it is likely that he would not have been deep in thought(p) for a long while after his disappearance. Instead he is stuck, unknowingly, at a strange BED AND BREAKFAST with a psychopathic old lady but no form of communication with the outside world. That is what makes it interesting. Therefore Billys mood is unpleasant in Bath because He didnt know anyone who lived here. This shows that Billy is a nonsocial person in the strong city called Bath so he would have nobody to turn to for help or assistance, therefore he is not happy.Roald Dahl manages to keep us interested the whole way through. By starting with the ice-cold weather and going on to talk about the perfect, good looking teenage boy. He draws us in with enticing clues put in here and there throughout the story like little hints of aversion or spookiness.Billy comes across a swanky residence with porches and pillars but the white facades were all blotchy and cracked. A slight twist, not everything is as it seems in the fancy place and all of a sudden he comes across an illuminated sign. When he looks closer in the window he sees cosy furnishings and a beautifully designed, welcoming, window. And now a queer thing happened to him, this is where the story takes and important turn when the strange and supernatural that has been building up declares itself out in the open.We think that whatever happens now cant be right. The sign BED AND BREAKFAST, BED AND BREAKFAST, BED AND BREAKFAST stops him from going away, holding him, compelling him, forcing him to stay where he was. Before he knew what was happening he had rung the bell and then at once the door was opened and he was being welcomed, almost concurrently into a substantial and comfortable house by an elderly woman, unsuspecting.In the story she is described as looking like your best friends mother. Roald Dahl also says, with good use of parenthesis, She was not only harmless there was no question about that but she was obviously a kind and generous soul. Billy obviously has complete trust in the landlady and it is clear that he doesnt expect that she is going to turn out to be mentally deranged.Gradually we get bait hints as to how Billy is undoubtedly going to die (even though it is never actually said). The landlady looks Billy up and down as if she fancies him but when we look at other clues the cheap accommodation, she doesnt want to break any laws at this stage in the proceedings it seems to be something else and we want to know what.At last we see the picture coming together from all the clues we have pieced together. Billy is sure when he reads the guest book that hes heard the names before somewhe re and when he thinks he is positive that they were linked in some way. When he mentions this to the landlady she changes the subject and seems unnaturally anxious to persuade him to drink his tea. Billy looks at the names and notices that the dates are over a year apart and the latest two years ago This is very suspicious and warrants closer inspection. He asks the landlady herself about this but she says she is very choosy. What gives her plan away to the reader is when she tells Billy that they are still in the house both together. When she says, about Mr Mulholland, and there wasnt a blemish on his body, even Billy is surprised. We are finally relieved of the burden of guesswork when she tells us that both of her extremely lifelike pets are stuffed.We know that the landlady has probably been preparing to stuff Billy because of all the clues we have had and she smells funny, a mix between old leather (preserved or dried skin) and vinegar(used to preserve food by pickling), the te a tastes like almonds, a type of poison.We know whats going to happen to him and it seems as though the landlady has been waiting for the chance for some time because the bed covers were tucked back for him and a warm hot water bottle had been laid inside the bed before he arrived even though she had had no guests for two years.Roald Dahl never has to say any of this but we understand it all by the end anyway, this is what makes the story so interesting.

Quality of Nursing and Diversity

Quality of Nursing and DiversityCritically discuss how an examineing and application of the concepts of change, ethnical competency and e pure tone can help to improve the quality of nursing premeditation in todays assorted wellnessassist settings for a diverse serve well-user populationThe Office of National Statistics (2014) displays how the population of Britain is becoming increasingly diverse due to migration, with 560,000 people migrating to Britain between March 2013 and March 2014 a significant plus from 492,000 people in the previous 12 months. Globalisation which is the increasing integration of economies and societies has a profound effect on migration and health. For example the ease of accessibility of borders for run and trade removes the boundaries for migration and increases the production and marketing of products such(prenominal) as tobacco which have an adverse effect on health (Wamala and Kawachi 2007). The increasing movement of countries into the Euro pean sum total (EU) withal removes the boundaries to migration as the European commission state that individuals who hold European citizenship have rights to free movement and residency at bottom the EU(EU 2014).The acceleration of globalisation and the developing in migration means the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse dish out-user population who have a range of health needs which presents many issues and challenges for nursing care. Blakemore (2013) treasure how research by Macmillan cancer support found that patients from Black minority ethnic (BME) groups experience increased challenges and poor treatment compared to white British cancer patients such as lack of compassion and poor and ineffective colloquy.This is an example of how diverse groups can receive poor quality care and highlights the need for nurses to understand and apply the concepts of diversity, ethnic competence and equality to evade this diminished care. This essay leave behind explore, di scuss and critique these concepts when looking at how they can improve the quality of nursing care in todays diverse healthcare settings for a diverse value-user population.Diversity is defined by Dayer-berenson (2014) as the individual differences of the clement race which should be accepted, respected, embraced and celebrated by society. The differences encompass many f maskors such age, religion, ethnicity and sexual orientation, all which shape an individual to be unique. This definition still fails to acknowledge that differences exist within each unique factor. For example in ethnic groups where although common characteristics such as language and origin are shared, differences within the ethnic group still do exist such the extent to which the individual practices their religion, and the culture to which the individual identifies to (Henley and Schott 1999).The National Health Service (NHS)(2011) expand on this definition by recognising that diversity includes visible and non-visible differences. Recognition of this is important in clinical practice as non visible differences such as determine and beliefs volition not be established unless nurses effectively communicate and assess in that respect patients values, needs and prefences. This will prevent the assumption that all members of one ethnicity act as another as mentioned previously, and therefore avoid stereotyping. Henley and Schott (1999) recognise how stereotyping will result in unforesightful nursing care as people distance themselves from those they take as different, causing them to have a lack of consideration and respect for the individual, thus diminishing care.Furthermore, when assessing the values and beliefs of diverse patients, nurses moldiness avoid holding an ethnocentric attitude. Ethnocentrism is when people identify their own pagan ways as superior to others, creating an attitude that any other beliefs and values are wrong. This leads to inadequate care as other diverse beliefs, values and therefore needs will be rendered as insignificant and may be ignored (Royal college of Nursing (RCN) 2014). Ethnocentric behavior however is not always recognised by the individual and is therefore difficult to challenge, as through and through socialisation into their own cultural values and beliefs a viewpoint of what is normal and appropriate is created. This viewpoint is then used to often negatively judge diverse cultures that the individual comes across (Henley and Schott 1999).On the other have Sharif (2012) views ethnocentrism as having a positive influence on healthcare in the United Kingdom. When looking at BME groups, South Asians are a high take a chance group for public health diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Sharif recognises the need for ethnocentric interventions to educate South Asian communities and to distinguish them as a group to still investigate the differences in epidemiology, pathophysiolo gy and health outcomes.This view is opposed by The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)(2010) who state in their standards for pre-registration nurses that nurses must strive for culturally diverse nursing care by practicing as holistic, non-judgemental and sensitive nurses, avoiding assumption, recognising individual choice and acknowledging diversity. Therefore nurses must adhere to this code by avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes which can be make through assessing and recognising patients as individuals. This will result in high quality care which is essential for a diverse service user population.Respecting individual patient diversity results in respecting equality which is the elimination of discrimination and disadvantage through respecting the rights of individuals and promoting equal opportunity for all. Nurses working within an musical arrangement must comply to the Equality Act 2010 which protects 12 diverse characteristics such as age, disability and reli gon from discrimation and disadvantage (Equality and Human Rights Commison 2014). In healthcare this is done through the implementation of policies and guideance, however Talbot and Verrinder (2010) highlight how equality policies can express the need for patients to receive equal care regardless of characteristics and background. This ignores personal choice and therefore disregardards individuality and diversity producing poor quality care.When looking at equality further nurses can promote equality through ensuring everyone has equal and full access to health care. It is recognised that BME patients have a poor uptake of healthcare services compared to white British patients for several reasons such as language barriers, negative experiences and inadequate information (Henley and Schott 1999,Washington and Bowles et al 2008). Dayer-berenson (2014) however identifies that barriers to healthcare are not just due to racial factors but also socio-economic factors. Nimakok and Gunapa la et al (2013) expand on this further by recognising that individuals from BME communities are more likely to be of poor socio-economic status than their white counterparts due to factors such as low income and poor housing quality. Nurses must therefore be in the position to promote equality through endorsing equal access to healthcare and complying to equality policies. This must be done whilist respecting individual patients and their diversity which bring outs culturally competenet nurses and thus high quality care for the diverse service user population.Cultural competence is defined by Papadopolus and Tilki et al. (2003) as the act of respecting the cultural differences of patients in order to provide effective and appropriate care. This is a brief definition which fails to include all aspects of being a culturally fit practicioner, which arguably involves more than respecting cultural differences which will later be explored (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014).Leininger (1997) states that cultural competence is the goal of providing culturaly congruent, compent and compassionate care through holisticly looking at culture, health and illness patterns and respecting the similarities and differences in cultural values and beliefs.This definition fails to recognise that cultural competence Is never a completed goal but an ongoing process (Dean 2010), however it recognises the importance of looking at the similarties within cultures. This increases the nurses ability to understand and meet the patients full range of needs thus producing culturally adequate care (Henley and Schott 1999).Cultural competent nursing care is essential for enusuring high quality care in the increasingly diverse service user population, with The NHS stating that it provides a comprenhesive service for all regardless of background and characteristcs and In consideration of each individuals human rights. Respect for equality and diversity are two important aspects of The NHSs vi son and values as highlighted in this statement and through culturally competent care these values can be achieved (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014, NHS 2014).Educating health care professionals on culturally competent care is therefore important with Hovat and Horey et al. (2014) looking at the effects of educational cultural competence interventions for healthcare proffesionals on healthcare outcomes. The review found that health behaviour such as concordance to treatment was improved however they also acknowledged that there quality of evidence was poor and that cultural competence is still a developing stratergy, therefore further research is needed to establish its effectiveness on healthcare outcomes.Dayer-Berenson (2014) however, states how culturally competent care does produce positive healthcare outcomes and therefore high quality care as through culturally competent practice, cultural sensitivity can be developed. This will bridge the gap between the healthcare profess ional and the patient which allows the patient to feel understood, respected and supported.There are various stickers which offer an understanding of cultural competence and a process for developing cultural competence to allow for high quality care. Campinha-Bacote developed the The Process of Cultural Competence in the speech of Healthcare Services model in 1998 which looks at how the healthcare professional must work within the cultural context of the patient and become culturally competent rather than be culturally competent. Campinha-Bacote sees becoming culturally competent as an ongoing process which involves the constructs of cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters and desire Campinha-Bacote (2002). When looking at cultural awareness which is the process of the nurse exploring there own cultural and professional background and any bias towards other cultures, Dayer-Berenson (2014) agrees nurses need to be aware of there own culture so that they can step outside of it when necessary and care for patients only in terms of their needs. This will reduce misunderstandings and misjudgements and therefore failures in care, allowing for high quality care for the diverse service user population.On the other hand this model has some weaknesses. When looking at the construct of cultural skill which Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines as the collection of relevant cultural data through cultural assessment in regards to the patients presenting problem, Leishman (2004) identifies some issues. Her study on perspectives of cultural competence in healthcare found that nurses do not agree that the personal beliefs and values of patients should be impinged upon as Camphinha-Bacote suggests in her model. Leishmans study found that this may electrical shock the patients overall impression on the care they receive and that individual patient needs irrespective of culture should be the focus of care.This view argues that patient concentrate on care is favourable over cultural competence when caring for a diverse patient population . Patient centered care describes care which is centred almost the individual and their needs with inclusion of families and carers in decisions about treatment and care (Manley and Hills et al. 2011). It is a philiosphy which is embedded at the forefront of all patient care, with a youthful inquiry comminsed by the Royal College of General Practicioners (2014) emphasising the importance of patient centred care in the 21st century to meet the challenging and changing needs of patients such as the increase in the diverse patient population.Kleinmans explanatory model of illness offers an alternative speak to for looking at cultural competence as it supports the delivery of person centred care. The model contains steps that the healthcare professional can use to communicate with their patients. The steps look at several issues such as establishment of the patients ethnic identity and what It means to them, how an epis ode of illness can effect the patient and their family, what the illness means to the patient, and how a cultural competent approach may help or hinder the patients care (NHS Flying Start 2014 , Kleinman and Benson 2006).By eliciting the patients and their families views and explanations of their illness the model allows for patient centred care. Also the cross cultural communication and recognition of any conflicts in values and beliefs which need negotiating produces culturally competent care (Hark and DeLisser 2009, Misra-Herbert 2003). The model has further strengths which also allow for high quality care as recognised by Kleinman and Benson (2006) who state that the model allows practicioners to set there knowledge alongside the patients own views and explanations which avoids an ethnocentric attitude. On the other hand the model is focused on the interaction between doctors and patients so it is therefore questionable as to wether this model can be applied to the nursing care of a diverse service user population (Misra-Hebert 2003).The acceleration of globalisation and therefore increase in migration means that the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse service user population. To give high quality nursing care to their patients nurses must understand apply the concepts of diversity, equality and cultural competence. This essay has shown how this can be done by ensuring their practice is underpinned by legal and ethical principles and through respecting the diversity of all through treating patients as individuals and avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes. Respecting diversity can also endorse equality which nurses can also encourage through promoting equal access to healthcare for all. Finally nurses must be culturally competenet practicioners by respecting diversity and equality and through the implication of models although further research is needed as cultural competence is a developing concept with other principles such as patient centered care also being seen as essential in nursing practice.2,1801

Gender Roles In Pakistan Sociology Essay

Gender Roles In Pakistan Sociology EssayGender reflects the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attri besideses that be considered happy for buy the farmforce and wo workforce in any society. Mostly the terms grammatical sexual activity and sex ar not differed and taken as closely related terms. Sex relates to the biologic and physiological characteristics that define men and women era gender refers to heathenish differences rather than biological ones between men and women. Male and female be sex categories while feminine and masculine atomic number 18 gender categories.Moser (1993) says that the differences between women and men within the same household and within and between purifications be socially and culturally constructed and tin piece of tail be altered over metre. These differences atomic number 18 mirrored in social roles, responsibilities, access to re ascendents, social limitations, opportunities, needs, perceptions, views, etc. Thu s, gender does not take solo women, that considers both women and men and their interdependent relationships and responsibilities.ReversalA nose supportdy can be taken as change whether the change is a positive or negative against the prevailing trend. It is a change from one area to the opposite state turning the situation into an opposite forethought or situation.Gender RolesA gender role defines the appropriate social and behavioral norms adopted by men and women in a social setting. Gender roles vary from culture to culture and traditions and roles can change over time point in the same cultural settings. Gender roles are cultural and personal to determine the speaking, dressing and communicative styles of males and females within a society. These cognitive frameworks are deeply embedded within the minds of males and females to define the masculine and feminine roles. Various socializing agents like parents, peers, t severallyers, television, movies, music, books and rel igion turn determining the gender roles within a society. Parents are the macrogest factor to decide the gender roles especially of their young offspring.Parents usually treat male and female sisters differently. Expectations for males and females are set in a very premature age. Traditionally, boys are taught how to fix and build things and how to earn for household and girls are taught how to cook, sew and manage the household. Children then nonplus parental and social approval when they conform to gender expectations and adapt themselves to the cultural and conventional roles which are reinforced by the additional socializing agent, media. In opposite words, gender roles and the set pass from one generation to the successive generation in a society.Linda L. Lindsey and Sandra Christie (n.d.) say that as long as the girl infant is wrapped in the pink blanket and the boy infant is wrapped in blue blanket, the stopment of gender roles gets started. The pink and blue colours are the first indications given by the society to distinguish a female from male. As they grow up, the other cultural factors assure the distinction to remain intact. Girls are given dolls, doll houses and tiny stoves to pre turn tail run a whole household system while boys are given rook tools to construct buildings and toy weapons and tanks to wage wars. In the teen and adult age, girls buy cosmetics and clothes while boys buy sports components and stereo components that is a guide of gender role socialization. Commonly the gender roles espoused in childhood remain constant in adulthood.Gender Roles in Pakistan gibe to a Gilani Research Foundation survey carried out by Gallup Pakistan (april 27, 2009), majority of the Pakistani males and females convey distinct roles to play in the society. In the recent years although womens locating and role has been uplifted beyond being a housewife, the precedency is still given to men in politics, nurture, employment, and related walks of life.Dr. Rakhshinda Parveen (n.d.) expresses that the constitution of Islamic Re habitual of Pakistan imposes equal rights for men and women. However, men are more equal than women in reality. The reality shows women in lower status than men in every sphere of life whether its education, food, health care or freedom of choice of partner. According to the Human Development Report 1999 of UNDP, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) rank of Pakistan among 185 countries is 100. This rank determines the empowerment of women on a country basis. This measurement results in uneven status of women in economical resources, participation in political decision-making and economic decision-making. In spite of the fact that the Holy Quran dictates the equal rights for women strongbeing and development, women crap always been the main target of rights violation in the Muslim countries. The typical subjugated image of Pakistani women reflects the centuries old patriarchy deeply rooted in th e sub-continent. Although, emancipation and empowerment has always been documented in the legal documents, this has not come to the reality to its full extent yet.The two fundamental perceptions establish the gender relations in Pakistan that women are inferior to men and that a mans honour is determined by the actions of women of his family. In the Muslim societies, women bear the honour of the family name. To train that honour, they are not supposed to dishonor their families, their mobility is limited and they have restrictions on their behavior and activities and have very limited contact with the opposite sex. Women are constrained to have Purdah (veil) to restrain their protection and respectability. Purdah creates physically and symbolically different spheres for men and women by separating their activities. Mostly women spend their time at home to do homely tasks and go out only for serious and approved reasons. Social life generally revolves around the activities of men in society. In the most move of the country, except in Islamabad, Karachi, and wealthier parts of a few other cities, those families are considered shameless who do not restrict their women. Purdah is practiced according to the family tradition, variant and rural or urban residence but men and women do not mix freely anywhere without serious reasosn. The most extreme restraints can be found in parts of the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan, where women are not allowed to almost leave the house before they get conjoin and are not allowed to meet the unrelated men and they cannot contact with their male cousins on their mothers side, because these men are not classed as relatives in a powerfully patrilineal society. In the rural areas of Punjab and Sindh, gender relations are relaxed because women are equally responsible with men fosr transplanting, rice seedlings, weeding crops, raising chickens and selling eggs. When a family aspires a higher status, it entails stricter purdah as a first social change. (Jone Johnson Lewis, 1994)Some urban women, residing in the close-knit communities in the old cities of Lahore and Rawalpndi, generally wear a burqa(fitted body veil) or a chadar (loosely drapped cotton cloth used as a head covering and body veil) when they leave the homes. They usually watch in a multi accounting (havelis) building constructed to accommodate large extended families. The places where people do not know their neighbours, there are less restrictions on womens mobility.Reversal of Gender RolesIn the in advance(p) times, the old perceptions of a patriarchal society are destabilized that has shifted the earlier unequal power dynamics between males and females and has resulted in the empowerment of women over men. The tralatitious gender roles have given a way to totally reversed roles to reserve the rights and emancipation of women. Now a days, wives are earning as much as 20% more than their husbands in the whole world that dictates t he changing power dynamics that shows that women have got the power to harness the economic power upsetting the old traditional patriarchal beliefs. Traditionally, the women used to need physical protection and economic stability provided by men to save their submissiveness. (Kandiyoti,1988). The traditional patriarchal hierarchy has been shattered and resulted in females patronizing their male counterparts in courtship.Modern women have become more educated and successful, that education and awareness has authorise women resulting in displacing men from their gendered position in society. The emergent trend of educated women out-earning their partners has led to changes in social perceptions and household roles. It has gradually shifted the institutionalized and privileged status of males in society. If women become the breadwinners, the domestic order shifts automatically to men because there is not any other option and this can give both men and women a sense of purpose and iden tity.Alongside the empowerment of women, the emasculation of men redefines the masculinity and femininity which has determined the gender activities of society. Men, who have become domestic, have redefined the masculinity by entitling them as suppliers who provides not only economically but also emotionally and logistically. The traditional notion of masculinity of a father has been limited to begetting protect and providing for children. The difference between what is masculine and what is feminine is what is determined by the gender roles adopted by both the genders. However, by bearing the role of childrearing and household chores, the masculinity of males comes into question that results in confusion in the individual males social identity. As a result, unemployed husbands preserve their masculinity by claiming that they are still provider if not economically but emotionally as they spend more time with their children than their own fathers. (Liza Mundy, 2011)Deccan Herald ( 2012) conducted a research to study the personal effects of enormous social changes on gender relations. The study has found that men today want babies and commitment, while women are more likely to want independence in their relationships. The study was conducted on over 5,000 American adults and the results revealed that more than half of the single men wanted to have children as compared to just 46 percent of women. The results showed the effects of the growing gender role reversal.History of Gender Roles ReversalThe gender ideologies have changed since 1970s. Women became aware of their rights and emancipation with the emergence of feminist movement in 1970s. In 1960, 19 percent of married women with young children were in the paid labour force (U.S. bureau of the Census 1999). By 1998, the ratio of working women was up to 64 percent. This movement of mothers into the work places in the time span of 40 years left a profound effect on the attitudes towards the working women in t he public and private spheres. The most of the American men approved and expected their wives to be active in working outside homes as the paid labour force. At the same time the provider role ideology continued to have great effects on males and females. The modern men and women are more assailable for women participation in working places than they were in 1970s. The nostalgia for breadwinner/homemaker family can still be found but more in men than women. Although some men resent the constricted definition of masculinity that narrows their role as economic providers, they stick to their roles as emotional providers among their children. (Teresa Ciabattari, n.d.)A minority of U.S men resisted changes in womens roles that could result as harmful for children and family life. These rapid changes in the roles of women have resulted in the widening gap between mens and womens attitudes. There is a larger gender difference in attitudes than it was 25 years before. (Teresa Ciabattari, n .d.)Reversal of Gender Roles in PakistanGender roles have not been altogether transformationized in Pakistan but have still been treading the way to transform. The contemporaneous socio-political and economic conditions in Pakistan are restrained in the paradigm of patriarchy and capitalism. The envoys of women rights movements have been shouting out loud the revolution in the gender roles that has resulted in women working in every national of life. Women have come out of their spheres at home to take part in the tread of come near but they have instigated some initial stages yet and have a long way to trek on. (Pak Tea House, 2012) The women of Pakistan had confronted great challenges in the early 1990s such as increasing practical literacy, gaining access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy. This development promoted a change in perception about womens roles in society. Women status in society gained public voices from within and outside the political pr ocess.The twentieth century has seen various attempts to bring social and legal reforms to improve the Muslim womens lives in the subcontinent. Islam has played very important role to develop the rights of women since partition.Muslim reformers in the nineteenth century introduced women education to ease some of the restraints on womens activities to ensure womens rights under Islamic law. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan organizes the Mohammedan Educational Conference in the 1870s to endorse modern education for Muslims, and he founded the Muhammadan Anglo- Oriental College. Many of the early proponents of education improved the status of women education by initiating cooking and sewing classes initially in a religious framework to advance women knowledge and skills. free the literacy rate was very low as in 1921, there were only four out of every 1,000 Muslim females were literate. (countrystudies.com, n.d.)Different organizations have been developed for the improvement of womens rights. The Gender and Development (GAD) was introduced as a replacement to the Women in Development (WID) approach. Both organizations aspire to construct the gender equality and tackle the subordination of women in the home and in the public sphere. WID was established in the late-1970s, when it was acknowledged that women were left at the sideline in the process of development and progress of country. WID tended to examine women in isolation while GAD developed the female gender roles maintained by umpteen an(prenominal) facets of society, community, economy and not least of all, men. Gad aims to empower women to add women self esteem, to encourage women organizations. (Jenny Mason, 2009). GAD challenges the social norms which dictate the women subordinate position to men. The educational gender gap in Pakistan is the result of the specific historical, political and cultural forces. (Jafar, 2002)The movement for independence from the British colonization in 1947 was very significant for women who challenged their traditional, domestic gender roles in the male patriarchal society to actively go in in the fight for common Muslim rights. (Jafar, 2002) During the period from independence to the beginning of Zia ul-Haqs rule in 1977, there was a coalition between the womens movement and the state with a common goal to create a modern Pakistan by equalizing womens rights by granting them government jobs and increasing educational rights for women. (Jenny Mason, 2009)In 1977, General Zial ul-Haq overthrew the government of Zulfiqar Bhuto thought it to be un-Islamic and aspired for Pakistan to return to Islam. General Zia ul-Haq emphasized the dichotomy of Islam versus the West. This Islamization approach appealed many anti-colonialists and nationalists who back up patriarchy in the country. They accentuated the symbol of Pakistani women as traditional and a symbol of honour for their male partners. Women were taken as ideological boundary makers between Muslims and the western World. (Jafar, 2002) These laws and norms moved women to the private sphere and those who continued to work in the public sphere were portrayed as the symbols of moral decay.In spite of Zias efforts to restrict womens liberty in the public sphere, the womens movement in Pakistan continued to develop during his rule. The Womens Action Forum (WAF) was established in 1981, which fought for the policies created by Zia and their promotion gained international attention which placed a negative pressure on Zias government which helped to deflect the further discrimination of womens rights. After the suspicious death of Zia in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan which was a big step towards the growth of women in Pakistan. (Jenny Mason, 2009)Although today womens rights movements and organizations are active in fighting for gender equality, only few are willing to touch the family traditions and honour. Other s tend to remain traditional when it comes to the family honour and name.Islam as well as Pakistans constitution has dictated equal rights for man and woman but the society greatly violates women rights. condescension all these violations, Pakistani women have elevated their status in society with the help of some organizations, enlightened groups and government. It has happened just because of the increase in awareness of girls educationNow in Pakistan women are working everywhere as in schools, colleges, universities, offices, factories, hospitals etc. they are students, workers, teachers, doctors, nurses and pilots. Pakistani women have proved to do whatever they are capable of despite all the hardships they face in society. These working women are seeding a silent revolution in Pakistan. A silent social revolution has seeped in with rising number of women joining the workforce and moving up the corporate ladder in Pakistan. (Fehmina Arshad, n.d.) They are doing everything from pumping gasoline and serving burgers at McDonalds to zip major corporations. Women now hold 78 of the 342 seats in the National Assembly. The cultural norms regarding the women in the workforce have been changed.Despite all the enlightenment and development regarding the rights of women and their being in the workforce, the society has still been captured into the old shackles of conservatism and the working women have to face criticism and condemnation from some for being bold profuse to stand up for their rights. Working women are always blamed for being poor mothers and condemned to bring a bad name on the honour of the family in Pakistan. (Fehmina Arshad, n.d.) Despite women taking earning responsibilities, men do not take any attention about household chores. Women have to bear outside as well as inside home responsibilities.Pakistani Television Dramas (History)The Pakistan Television Corporation or PTV is Pakistans first national television broadcaster. PTV transmitted its f irst live chopine on November 26, 1964, in Lahore. Pakistan started its broadcasting from a small pilot TV Station which was established at Lahore from where first transmission was beamed in Black and white with effect. Television centres were established in Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. (Rafay Mehmood, 2011) Pakistani media has played a foremost job in programming many unforgettable Pakistan classical dramas which inspired the generations in the past history. PTV started the tendency of making classic dramas with the help of intellectual writers, powerful direction, and multitalented actors.(Anum saulat, 2010)The decades of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s have seen the dangerous success of dramas and telefilms in the Indian Subcontinent. There was only one TV channel, PTV, at that time which had touched the peak of success in drama making. PTV telecasted many popular dramas like dhoop Kinary, ankahi, tanhayian and dhuan. The whole concept be hind telecasting such dramas is to present a well prepared family drama with a strong rule book to provide a clean environment. The credit of such classic dramas goes to the brilliant story writers like Haseena Moen, Seema Ghazal, Ashfaq Ahmad etc. Their stories mirrored the heart touching issues of society. This was the magnificent time for Pakistani classic dramas which won many national as well as international awards. (Anum Saulat, 2010) The most notable drama serials of this time include Khuda Ki Basti, Unkahi, Tanhaiyaan, Akhri Chatan, Zair Zabar, Aangan Terha, Fifty Fifty, Studio Dhai (2-1/2), Studio Ponay Teen (2-3/4), Andehra Ujala, Sona Chandi, Uncle Urfi, Taleem-e-Baalighan, Alif Noon, Waaris, Dhoop Kinare, Sunehray Din, Alpha Bravo Charlie, Ana, and block buster serials like Pesh, Dhuwan, Kath Putli, Wafa Ham Nibhaein Gai, Bandhan, Kaghaz Kay Phool, Muqqdas, Bint-e-Adam, Malangi, Sawan, Sheela Bagh, Tinkay, Aisa Bhi Hota Hai bhar, rasta de zindgi, and many others.Many programs were very popular even in India. Indian streets used to become deserted when few of the most popular Pakistani TV dramas were broadcasted. Although Pakistan and India are always at daggers drawn with each other, still the dramas of PTV were very popular and still are studied in the acting academies in India.In the early 90s, the private produces entered the territory of Pakistani TV for the first time and presented some phenomenal programs such as drama serial Jaal and Kashkol, cooking shows like potluck and sitcoms including family Front and Teen Bata Teen that enthralled the viewing audience for a long time. Though Indian programs like CID and Ekta Kapoors Hum Panch created a small cult of their own but the local channel STN and PTV kept the countrol. Whether the field was drama , sitcom or crime stories, the 1990s gave a tough time to Indian Programming because of the quality, cultural relevance of the local dramas and because the access to the major planet channel was nt easy In Pakistan and was considered a luxury. (Rafay Mehmood, 2011) As the sun was setting on PTVs golden era, Family Fronts Sumbal, Nusrat and Bobby Alpha Bravo Charlies Faraz, Kashif and Gulsher Samsung VJs Faisal Qureshi, Jawad Bashir, Ahsan Rahim, Amna Khan and Ahmad Ibrahim Teen Bata Teens Lucy, Johnny and Shaffu became a cult icon and are still remembered for their brilliant performances to make the characters everlasting. (Shiza Nisar, 2010)There came a time starting from 2001 when Indian dramas showed on a channel, Star Plus, were immensely popular that they not only attracted the women but also children started watching them. But now Pakistani dramas once again have touched the peaks of fame. Indian dramas got famous because of the glamour and family politics shown in them. These dramas affected the Pakistani cultural norms values and traditions so badly that the living styles of the viewers became Indian and they corrupted the society as they were so unreal. They showed the unrealistic lives of industrialists, elites and landlords through glamour. In the start Pakistani dramas started copying their style but soon they turned back to their own identity with the stretch of new competitive private producers in the industry.With the realization that the Indian dramas had corrupted the society, these drama makers extinguished the Indian elements from the productions to follow their old trends of limited episodes and powerful story line. Many writers started writing many powerful stories for different TV channels like Geo, Hum TV, PTV, ARY digital. (Anam Saulat, 2010) Now a day, expression in media has resulted in a lot of channels and variety of Pakistani dramas for the viewers and every channel is now struggling hard to provide the audience with the best dramas ever. This competition has alter them to make good serials which reflect and mirror the true picture of Pakistani culture and traditions. Because of this sudden revival of Pakistani dramas, t he audience loves the new dramas very much. (Shiza Nisar, 2010)The modern dramas that have gained popularity are meri zaat zarraye be-nishan Ainee ki aygi barat series on Geo and , nur pur ki rani malaal wasal nur bano ,qaide e tanhai, ,humsafar and many others on Hum TV. These dramas are realistic with powerful direction and script. They mirror the societal issues that actually exist in the society. Moreover, dramas like wasal, ishk junoon deewangi doraha and malaal focus on the problems that are faced in a marriage because of modernity and reversal of gender roles. These problems do prevail these days. The reason why the ratio of divorces has increased is well depicted in these dramas. People should be well aware of the astringent realities that prevail in society. (Anum Saulat, 2010)Reversal of Gender Roles in Pakistani DramasThe electronic media in Pakistan has become an avenue for women to be seen shoulder-to-shoulder with men where they can work as diligently as they can to b e an active part of the society. However, the role of women in our media seems to be heading in a direction where only their looks and attractiveness can be rewarded. (Zirgham Nabi Afridi, 2010)Most of these dramas revolve around the family, especially women, often as independent individuals and most often as mothers, sisters and wives. The majority of Pakistani dramas today are a strange mix of progress and retreat. Some of the serials hold a few liberal, progressive and gender-sensitive messages, most of them emphasize patriarchal values existed in society. The Pakistani dramas reflect two main streams to depict the gender roles. One is to portray women as dependent on their male partners in a male patriarchal society. Women are shown being brutalized by men, slapped, beaten up, disgraced and ill-treated and men are depicted as the decision makers of the family, who simply dictate women what to do and what not to do. The other stream is to show the women indulged in working should er to shoulder with men to be an active participant in the progress of society. They are well aware of their rights and can stand for their liberties if ill-treated but the working women are also portrayed negatively who are the main source for a home breakup. It is rather difficult for the general viewing public to understand the contradictory messages lying within the modern day drama. Working women are depicted as strong and independent, yet also negatively portrayed as cunning (In Durr-e-Shawar the male lead, Haider, laments the fact that his wife, Shandana, is a working woman). (Tasneem Ahmar, 2012)Television dramas can be considered as important tool to propagate gender equality. The dramas depicting equality of gender roles do not expose the overt victimization of women in them. Female characters in these serial are strong, independent and intelligent. How women are portrayed on TV is linked to the prevalent trends set by the management of diversion television channels. The women who have reached the top in management struggle to change the prevailing trends. They act like new trend setters. Sultana Siddiqui, for example, established a policy that no woman will be slapped in the dramas aired on the TV channel she heads. Moneeza Hashmi, as managing director of the state-run television in Lahore, supported extensive programming intended to guarantee the womens rights and gender equality. After she left, the policy unfortunately seems to have disappeared. (Bushra S, 2012)

The History of Buckman Company Essay -- Laboratories Water Treatment P

The History of Buckman Company Founded in 1945 by Dr. Stanley Buckman Buckman started the confederacy in Memphis, Tennessee, with five employees in a small building located on land that was once a lumberyard. Offices and laboratories were located on the first floor of the building, and a 50-gallon black agitate chemical reactor and a steam boiler were placed in the basement. The 50-gallon black iron chemical reactor was sufficient to supply the initial nine for 20 gallons of a microbicide, trade name BSM-11, to the companys first customer Whiting Paper Company. Three years later, BSM-11 and its derivatives had become the industry measure for microorganism control. Soon a new production facility was built next door and Buckman Laboratories of Canada was formed. During the 1950s, the companys customer base expanded to involve the leather, paint, sugar processing, agriculture, paint, coatings and plastics industries. During the 1960s, new manufacturing and sales co mpanies were formed in Mexico and Belgium. The expansion during the 1970s followed with the opening of sales and manufacturing companies in South Africa and Brazil and a sales company in Australia. New products were introduced for water treatment, ranging from swimming pools to fresh water, and a new international headquarters housing all corporate activities, including Research and Development, were built in Memphis. In 1978, Dr. Stanley Buckman died of a heart attack in his office His son, Robert (Bob), became the new chairman and CEO.In 1945, Buckman Laboratories started with one product, a 50-gallon process vessel and four employees in a small house in Memphis, Tennessee. Today, Buckman is a global business producing over 500 various products and employing over 1,300 people in over 70 countries. The company was originally founded on its unique ability to create and manufacture innovative solutions for controlling the growth of microorganisms. Ever since its inceptio n, Buckman believes that a specialty chemical supplier should listen to and anticipate customer needs and then respond with innovative and unique solutions. Buckman will continue in the future as it has in the gone providing value-added services and products to improve the efficiencies and products. 2. PROVIDE A SHORT DISCUSSION OF THE KEY MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY. DIS... ...y for all customer information and forums should be developed to include customers. Buckmans idea was to bring knowledge to the learner rather than bring the learner to the knowledge. Since Buckman employees or learners speak nearly a dozen languages, the frontier issue of instantaneous translation is immanent. The idea of when someone posts a note in English, people in Japan will be able to read it and respond in Japanese, which in turn people can read and respond in Portuguese, Swedish, Dutch, French, etc. Therefore, creating a universal culture within the organization will realize employee buy-in int o the KNetix system.In the end, the systems success rests on the people and not the tools. It is 90 percent culture change and 10 percent technology. impetuous these changes solely based on technology and technology budgets will not be successful. The employees are who bring about the change. Therefore, by implementing focus groups that include different levels of employees will bring about the change in a successful manner. Additionally, by revamping the mission statement to reflect the culture of the company will fall the employees and management a sense of direction.