The 1960’s - Rooster Essay -- Drama

The 1960s - RoosterIn expressive arts we are studying the theme of the 60s. In ourlesson we watched a dance called Rooster.Rooster was created for the Ballet du Grand Theatre de Geneve andfirst performed on October 10 1991 at the Grand Theatre de Geneve,Switzerland. It was first performed by Rambert terpsichore Company on 8December 1994 at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle. Christopher Bruce (thechoreographer), wished to celebrate the music and to use the qualitiesof the song to reflect the sexual war between wowork force and men that hefelt was revalent during his teenage years. He compared the image of astrutting cockerel with its fine feathers and the men dressed up to goout. Rooster is a creation of the 1960s by using music, dance,gesture and costume to create the feeling of a Saturday night out.My first impression of the dance was very(prenominal) strange, as it opened with aman moving across the stage in a very strange way. A style of walkthat the man did was a move where he slid h is feet along the floor andjutted his head forward. This move reminded me of a bird, and wasactually named the rooster strut. There are about 10 people in thisdance, scarcely there are 2 main dances throughout. I believe it shows whata normal night out in the 60s was like.The costumes are very significant to the dance. The women wear a miniskirts, this relates to the 60s because this was very fashionable atthis time. It is a combination of black and red. This contra...

Effects of War Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead

Effects of war Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead, and Paths of Glory From the happy expression on their faces you might have supposed that they welcomed the war. I have met with men who loved stamps, and stones, and snakes, but I could non imagine any man loving war. Margot Asquith revealed her discontent with war in this quote. War is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as a concerted effort or campaign to combat or put an end to something considered injurious. A rather contradicting definition from the dictionary when one examines wars genuine meaning and the effect it has on mankind. Wars do not put an end to something considered injurious, war starts them. War stems from human greed and ignorance and is often used as a tool by men to seek fame and glory. People remember the glory of Alexander the Great, Hannibal, and Napoleon but forget the number of deaths caused by these so-c aloneed heroes. War is slightly death and the destruct ion of the human character and spirit. World War I, not only claimed millions of lives, but left deep scars in the memories of those who survived. Disillusioned and disheartened, these youth people became known as the Lost Generation. Even though the cost of war was staggering, its psychological effects had no boundary. The soldiers sterling(prenominal) struggle during war is not physical, but mental and spiritual. A war novel that gives its reader an insight into the lives of soldiers during WWI, All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque, is considered the greatest war novel of all time. This book brings its readers into the personal life of Paul Baumer and the horrors he had to encounter as a young German s... ...think about themselves, about religion, and about war. Sometimes, when a soldier gets too caught up in the war, he tries to hide his true feelings even though he is facing the biggest battle of all with himself. Works Cited Cob b, Humphrey. Paths of Glory, a Novel, Viking Press, New York 1935, new edition, Dell 1957, William Heinemann Ltd, London. Hynes, Samuel. A War Imagined The First World War and English Culture, London Bodley Head, 1991. Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York Ballantine Books, 1984. Shaw, Irwin. Bury the Dead. New Theatre & Film, 1934-1937. Ed. Herbert Kline. San Diego Harcourt, Brace, Jovanich, c1985. Stephen E. Tabachnick, Afterword, to Humphrey Cobb, Paths of Glory (1935) (Athens University of Georgia Press, 1987), pp. 267-304.

Thomas Pynchons The Crying Lot 49 Essay -- Pynchon Crying Lot 49 Essa

Peter Barry says of the cultural materialist approach to literature that it is difficult to know how to place opus of this kind (189). By writing Barry refers to cultural materialist criticism itselfnot the work being criticizedbut it is probably safe to assume that the analysis properly reflects the analyse in this respect. It is certainly arguable that Thomas Pynchons THE CRYING OF LOT 49 qualifies as difficult to place, and this may be its only legitimate connection offered to a cultural materialist reading. Yet similarities arise between the text and the theory that suggest, at least on some level, a harmonious ideal. Of course, should such a comparison exist, it is only by the theorys compatibility to the text, it being the work critiqued and, besides that, having originated much earlier than the theory. But there is value in separate the two as if they are more than just analysis and analyzed, but two products of a literary history whose similarities point toward or inf luence on-going likenesses. Such a likeness is their contribution to an overall theme of almost fairy tale-style escapism. A fundamental start is to examine the use of Shakespeare in both(prenominal) situations. This may seem odd without an understanding of its intrinsic contribution to both the novel and the theory. In LOT 49, Oedipa Maas encounters a number of eccentrics and organizations that all hint at involvement in some sort of mail system conspiracy, not the least of which is a Jacobean play called THE COURIERS TRAGEDY by Richard Wharfinger. The play and playwright are of course fictional, but whats more, they are blatantlycausticallyrelated to Shakespeares HAMLET. Oedipa found herself after five proceedings sucked utterly... ... structure to which they belong. This structure, in its very essence, seeks to project in a variety of ways new worlds by which to interpret reality.Works CitedBaldick, Chris. Structuralism. OXFORD CONCISE DICTIONARY OF liter ary TERMS. 2nd edition. New York Oxford University Press, 2001.Barry, Peter. Structuralism. BEGINNING THEORY AN INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY AND CULTURAL THEORY. 2nd edition. Manchester Manchester University Press, 2002.Pynchon, Thomas. THE CRYING OF LOT 49. Perennial Classics edition. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.Scott, Sir Walter. IVANHOE. World Classics paperback edition. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996.Snicket, Lemony. A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS BOOK THE SIXTH THE ERSATZ ELEVATOR. New York Scholastic Inc., 2002.

Pre-1914 Prose :: English Literature

Pre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use closed book in there storys, but the word closed book does non just wet one thing. The enigma in these storys beeither a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit iswhere the people in the story or the reader try and work out what themystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not beexplained. sleep and The wraith by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghoststory where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mysteryas the reader does not have sex if the ghost actually exists. The RedRoom by H.G Wells is besides a superstitious mystery. It is asuperstitious mystery because the reader does not screw if thehappenings in The Red Room are a result of paranoia, or of asupernatural cause.The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle isdifferent to Napoleon and The Spectre and The Red Room. As it is awhodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead characterSherlock Holmes, is try ing to solve the mystery of if the wo gentleman waskilled or died of natural causes.In the five stories there are two types of main characters. Theresthe victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. Thevictim is commonly some one who is effected in a negative port by themystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solverof the mystery is usually soul like Sherlock Holmes who solves themystery.In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, the main character isSherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as aman who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this becausehe notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says The left subsection of your jacket is splattered with mud. This makes him seem likehe has a beloved eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to noticesomething so small.In The Red Room the old couple are flummox across as very obscure bythe way they are depict and by the things they say. An example ofthe way they are described is when the old fair sex is said to be satstaring hard into the burning, her pale eyes astray open. This makes theold woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to bestaring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. Anexample of them being described as mysterious is when the narratorPre-1914 Prose English LiteraturePre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use mystery in there storys, but the wordmystery does not just mean one thing. The mystery in these storys areeither a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit iswhere the people in the story or the reader try and work out what themystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not beexplained.Napoleon and The Spectre by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghoststory where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mysteryas the reader does not know if the ghost actually exists. The RedRoom by H.G Wells is also a superstitious mystery. It is asuperstitious mystery because the reader does not know if thehappenings in The Red Room are a result of paranoia, or of asupernatural cause.The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle isdifferent to Napoleon and The Spectre and The Red Room. As it is awhodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead characterSherlock Holmes, is trying to solve the mystery of if the woman waskilled or died of natural causes.In the five stories there are two types of main characters. Theresthe victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. Thevictim is usually some one who is effected in a negative way by themystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solverof the mystery is usually someone like Sherlock Holmes who solves themystery.In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, the main character isSherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as aman who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this becausehe notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says The leftarm of your jacket is splattered with mud. This makes him seem likehe has a good eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to noticesomething so small.In The Red Room the old couple are put across as very mysterious bythe way they are described and by the things they say. An example ofthe way they are described is when the old woman is said to be satstaring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open. This makes theold woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to bestaring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. Anexample of them being described as mysterious is when the narrator

Management and Organization Essay -- Business, Scientific Management T

IntroductionThe counselling and organizational courtes that are used by various firms play a critical role in their performance. The choose management approach is important due to the fact that it determines the efficiency with which activities are performed. The organizational structure of the firm on the other hand determines the delegation and practical application of authority. The organizational structure is developed by the management. The structure facilitates effective interaction among employees and helps in directing resources towards achieving the goals of the organization. The behavior of employees is also influenced by the management and organizational approach (Mullins 3). Thus a firm will only be successful if it adopts the best management and organizational approach. This paper will focus on analyzing deuce management approaches namely, scientific and bureaucratic theories of management.Scientific Management TheoryThis theory focuses on the analysis and synthesis of workflows. Its main objective is to improve efficiency in spite of appearance an organization. In order to achieve this objective, the theory proposes that scientific principles should be used in designing processes and managing workers. This theory was developed by Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s and mid-nineties within the manufacturing industry (Cook and Hunsacker 34). The theory was highly influential in the 1910s as the best management style. However, by 1920s it began to lose its popularity as new management ideas and concepts emerged. The modern organizational approaches and management styles borrow the following concepts from the scientific approach. The concepts include logic, efficiency, mass production, rationalization, work ethic and standardization of best practi... ...ty. Finally, the two approaches adopt a top-down system of making decisions. This means that commands or directives are given by the top officials while the junior employees are expected to obey. By c ontrast the two approaches, the following differences can be identified. While the scientific approach focuses on improving labor productivity, the bureaucratic system puts more emphasis on administrative efficiency. The scientific approach encourages the introduction of incentive schemes in order to motivate workers. The bureaucratic approach on the other hand places emphasis on the rights of the workers in order to motivate the employees. Finally, the bureaucratic approach considers employment as a life-long career. The scientific approach on the other hand leads to job loses as knowledge is transferred from workers to workers and from worker to tools (Dean 29)

Management and Organization Essay -- Business, Scientific Management T

IntroductionThe focal point and organisational approaches that are used by various firms play a critical role in their performance. The adopted precaution approach is important due to the fact that it determines the efficiency with which activities are performed. The organizational structure of the firm on the other hand determines the delegation and application of authority. The organizational structure is developed by the management. The structure facilitates effective interaction among employees and helps in directing resources towards achieving the goals of the organization. The behavior of employees is also influenced by the management and organizational approach (Mullins 3). and so a firm will only be successful if it adopts the best management and organizational approach. This paper will focus on analyzing deuce management approaches namely, scientific and bureaucratic theories of management.Scientific Management TheoryThis theory focuses on the analysis and synthesis of wo rkflows. Its main objective is to improve efficiency in spite of appearance an organization. In order to achieve this objective, the theory proposes that scientific principles should be used in designing processes and managing workers. This theory was developed by Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industry (Cook and Hunsacker 34). The theory was highly influential in the 1910s as the best management style. However, by 1920s it began to lose its popularity as new management ideas and concepts emerged. The unexampled organizational approaches and management styles borrow the following concepts from the scientific approach. The concepts include logic, efficiency, mass production, rationalization, work ethic and standardization of best practi... ...ty. Finally, the two approaches adopt a top-down system of making decisions. This means that commands or directives are given by the top officials while the junior employees are expected to obey. By contrasti ng the two approaches, the following differences can be identified. While the scientific approach focuses on improving labor productivity, the bureaucratic system puts more emphasis on administrative efficiency. The scientific approach encourages the introduction of incentive schemes in order to motivate workers. The bureaucratic approach on the other hand places emphasis on the rights of the workers in order to motivate the employees. Finally, the bureaucratic approach considers employment as a life-long career. The scientific approach on the other hand leads to job loses as knowledge is transferred from workers to workers and from worker to tools (Dean 29)

Johnnie Cochran

Johnnie Cochran An Outlier By Ryan Starr Johnnie Cochran was an infamous American lawyer, who gained recognition from his highly publicized and controversial cases as a successful defense attorney. born(p) as an African-American on October 2, 1937 in Shreveport, Louisiana, Cochran grew up facing extreme racial prejudice and learned valuable life set out at a young age (Cochran Biography 1). Turning a deaf ear to discrimination, Cochran did well in school and got good grades. His father and puzzle always emphasise education, and Cochran learned to apply himself at various public schools (Cochran Biography 1).His ability to succeed was, in part, due to a more accepting community in Los Angeles, where Cochran spent most of his later childhood (Cochran 12). Johnnie Cochran was not poor by any standards his dad had a stable and well-paying job in life damages (Cochran Biography 1). However, Cochran was k nowadaysn to envision himself with more money and the possibilities there later on. He would often befriend richer classmates in order to experience a more luxurious modus vivendi (Cochran Biography 1). Johnnie Cochran understood that hard cultivate and his natural people skills allowed him to integrate well with his rich friends.Unaware of his wildly, successful future, Cochran would first have to discover a stadium in which his skills and opportunities could be utilized. Johnnie Cochrans adherence to the 10,000 hour rule, his exposure to meaningful work, and his ability to express what he wanted all support Gladwells possible action of what defines an outlier. Without these qualities, Johnnie Cochran would have never been one of Americas best lawyers. Furthermore, the opportunities that allowed Cochran to achieve and acknow conductge these qualities provided him with the proud status of a unique outlier. Johnnie Cochran Jr. as named after his father and grew up in a stable household with loving parents. Education became a philosophy for success and was cle arly ingrained in Cochran at early age (Cochran 11). His hard work ethic proved to serve him well in grade-school and resulted in his acceptance to the University of California in 1959 (Cochran Biography 1). Cochran love to argue and always knew he wanted to be a lawyer. Excelling in high school debate, Cochran recalls the incredible surge of power and satisfaction he felt when he make a strong argument and dragged people over to his side of the question (Cochran 11).His dad always supported an environment in which Cochran could express his views, but his mother would not tolerate any misbehavior. As a hardworking businessman himself, Cochrans father always pushed his children to work their hardest in order to reach their complete potential (Cochran 11). Opportunities to practice debating at both school and at home provided Cochran with the basis for 10,000 hours of practice as a lawyer (Gladwell ). Johnnie Cochran graduated with a live of Science degree in business administration and went on to pursue his doctorate in law at Loyola Law School (Cochran Biography 1).Cochrans first job outside of school was as a deputy city attorney, defending the city in a small claims court. Winning slightly fifteen cases in row, Cochran was very pleased with himself. After losing his first case, Cochran realized that any attorney who has spent considerable time in a courtroom has lost cases and that he was no exception (Cochran 15). Losing a few cases did not mean Cochran was bad a lawyer on the contrary, his loses solely signified his experience in drives. Johnnie Cochran was on his way to mastering a career in law after facing hundreds of juries as a city attorney and in brief afterward as a criminal lawyer.Eventually, Johnnie Cochran would found his own firm, Cochran, Atkins & Evans (Cochran Biography 1). By then, he had gained significantly north of 10,000 hours practicing law. From debate in high school, to passage the bar, and prosecuting endless traffic violati ons, Johnnie Cochrans experience was evident, and his success was definitely due to his early, painstaking years studying and practicing law. Little did he know, his newfound mastery would be tested with a highly publicized case. The family of Leonard Deadwyler, a man killed by Los Angeles police, approached Cochrans firm in 1966.The family accused the police of needless brutality after their son attempted to speed his pregnant wife to the hospital. Cochran agreed to defend the family, despite the Police Department insisting that the officers had acted in self-defense (Cochran Biography 1). The lawsuit was not successful. Johnnie Cochran had discovered a flaw in the American legal system regarding the bias toward prosecuting minorities. This case and others, including a Black Panther accused of murder, led to a deeper, personal mission for Johnnie Cochran (DeClamecy). He wished to upheave the injustice of minority prosecution, nd he would do so in great numbers. He soon earned him self the title Best in the West according to Ebony magazine. (Cochran Biography 1). Johnnie Cochran had always been inspired by the struggle for racial equality, but now he had the opportunity to partake in such(prenominal) a struggle. Defending minorities from unjust prosecutions became meaningful work. His job as a criminal defense lawyer served a greater purpose, to protect the rights of African-Americans. This platform would soon become Cochrans journey to fame and provides further evidence to describe the characteristics of a true outlier.Johnnie Cochran was enveloped in his work because of its personal importance. Meaningful work, as described by Malcolm Gladwell, was yet another factor guiding Cochran closer to success. When Johnnie Cochran was 16 years, a decision made by the Supreme Court would change his life forever. Thurgood Marshall, a black lawyer, argued against the Jim Crow laws that legalized separate but equal facilities in 1954. The court favored his case and reas on that separate but equal was inherently unequal (Cochran 11). Johnnie Cochran idolized Marshall and therefore wished to follow in his footsteps as a lawyer.Cochrans destiny was set. He knew that a single dedicated man could use the law to change society (Cochran 10). Johnnie Cochran was most definitely motivated to partake in this meaningful work. further first, he needed to be able to express what he wanted. Opportunities present themselves in odd ways, and as it so happens, one must have surpassing communication skills in order to become a successful lawyer. Achieving such skills wasnt difficult for the personable Johnnie Cochran, who also had the benefits of a good education and corroboratory family.As the great grandson of slaves, Johnnie Cochran learned to express what he wanted or be overlooked by a largely white society (Cochran 10). Despite Cochrans upbringing in the poorly educated projects of California, his mother taught him the value of the English language and the importance of using it correctly to make himself heard (Cochran 11). And Cochran would not pass on this advice, using his command of the language to promote himself in the field of law and to win his first case convincing his mother to accept his career in law rather than medicine.Cochran was adept at integrating and communicating, both of which were useful characteristics for any outlier. Opportunities spawned from these abilities and provided Cochran with a way to change society. Johnnie Cochran eventually represented numerous celebrities such as Sean Combs, Michael Jackson, Tupac and Snoop Dogg (Deutsch 1). His firm focused on cases involving police brutality and racial bias. He is best known for the captivating defense of OJ Simpson regarding the murder of his wife and her friend, claiming that if the murders glove doesnt fit, you must acquit (DeClamecy 1).Johnnie Cochran has been criticized for taking advantage of a mostly black jury by suggesting the possibility of the police framing Simpson because of his skin color (Merida). Whether or not OJ Simpson is guilty of murder, Johnnie Cochran was an exceptional and prosperous lawyer. Malcolm Gladwell defines the qualities of a successful outlier, and Johnnie Cochran proved that a combination of perseverance and opportunities testament lead to success. Johnnie Cochran died March 29, 2005 at the age of 67, but will forever be remembered as a unique outlier (Deutsch 1). Works Cited Cochran, Johnnie L. , and David Fisher. A Lawyers Life.New York Thomas Dunne /St. Martins, 2002. Print. DeClamecy, Dree. renowned Attorney Johnnie Cochran Dead. CNN. Cable News Network, 30 Mar. 2005. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers. New York Little, Brown and Company, 2008. Print. Merida, Kevin. Johnnie Cochran, the Attorney On the Peoples Defense Team. Washington Post. N. p. , 31 Mar. 2005. Web. Nguyen, Daisy. Famous Clients Mourn Johnnie Cochran at Funeral in LA. The Daily Transcript. San Diego Source, 6 Apr. 2 005. Web. 17 Apr. 2013 The Biography Channel. Johnnie Cochran Biography. Bio. com. A&E Networks Television, n. d. Web. 17 Apr. 2013.

Influence of Television Programs on Children

Before there was goggle box, kidskinren had options of playing outside, playing board games, or doing simple(a) activities like reading or drawing. Now that TV exists to a high extremity, it has become app atomic number 18nt that right offadays these children points have surpassed physical and intellectual activities and have now become a way of life for children. We now see children wearing clothing, playing video games, playing with toys, and observance movies featuring famous characters that started off as spotless creations that starred on half-hour to one hour long programs.Whether it is a positive or negative happening, children programming is becoming a global phenomenon alter many kids around the world. The most relevant questions posed are how these shows affect children inside and outside of the US, and is this contr everywheresial issue affecting these children for the better or for the worse. It is clear that children at bottom the United States have become ind ulged with computers, video games, and, most evidently, television. Nickelodeon in particular has been coming out with shows make just for younger children over the last decade.An example of this would be Dora the venturer. As Dora celebrates her 10th year on air, ratings and sales show that this Latina is here to stay. In an article from Dayton Daily News in Dayton, Ohio, Sigal Ratner-Arias addresses this bilingual girls journey into the hearts of millions of children. Today, Dora is seen in 151 different markets and has been translated to 30 different languages. She appears in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Ireland and teaches Spanish.However, while this particular girl teaches Spanish to English-speaking countries, she as well as teaches English to Hispanic countries (Ratner-Arias n. pag). According to Nickelodeon, Dora has generated over $11 billion in worldwide sales since 2002 having sold 65 million units of Fisher Price Dora the Explorer toys, 50 million books and over 20 million DVDs worldwide, writes Ratner-Arias (Ratner-Arias n. pag). For originally being created as a forest animal, Dora the Explorer has become a global idol to young children (Ratner-Arias n. pag).An otherwise Nickelodeon star causing global waves is the sponge that lives in a pineapple under the sea, Spongebob Squarepants. Martha Worboy, writer for The Gazette in Montreal, writes about the impact Spongebob Squarepants has had on children around the world. Since this show premiered in July of 1999, Spongebob has advanced himself to be seen in 171 markets and translated into 25 languages (Worboy n. pag). Along with many other shows, Spongebob has been seen in video games, movies, clothing, food, and seen in stores such as Wal-Mart, Best Buy, Kohls, and Radio Shack (Worboy n. pag).Spongebob has sparked imagination amongst children around the world and continues to grow in popularity of all ages. both other shows that have shown signifi go offt rise aro und the world are Sesame Street and raunchys Clues. According to an article from Melbourne, Australias newspaper, The Age, Blues Clues has been seen in 60 different countries and has been translated into 15 different languages (Dunn n. pag). Kids have the ability to interact with a guy named Joe and his cute, blue puppy, Blue. Along with Joe, children work to figure a mystery that Blue has laid out for them.With this show, children have the ability to be entertained through interaction with an animated puppy that also stimulates their brain. though Sesame Street has been seen for many years and is highly known, this show belt up continues to branch out more(prenominal) and more. This Day, a newspaper out of Nigeria stated that afterward this year, Sesame Street will be introduced as Sesame Square in Nigeria however, with it comes a unique twist to the characters (This Day n. pag). This show will be hosted by two Muppet characters.One is named Kami, a golden fur, girl Muppet wh o is HIV positive, and Zobi, a furry blue, boy Muppet (This Day n. pag). This show has drawn quite the anticipation in Nigeria and nonetheless allowed the Nigerian people to vote on a name for the blue furry Muppet (This Day n. pag). With the ongoing advancement of technology and improvement of shows made for children, it set up only be wondered how long until the next animated phenomenon is created. Although these television shows have obviously been globalized, they also lead to the question of if the impact they have had on children can truly be een as constructive or harmful. Many people have questioned whether or not children shows are in fact kind the minds of young kids and teaching them unhomogeneous ways to look at life or, in contrast, poisoning their minds and encouraging them into bad choices and presenting an overall negative effect on their life outside of watching the television. In a Boston periodical, The Jewish Advocate, Lauren Kramer views a theory brought by Dr. Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, director for the infant-language laboratory at Temple University.Pasek develops the musical theme of the Six Cs which creates a recipe for success in young children. These Six Cs are collaboration with others, communication, content, creative, and confidence (Kramer n. pag). Pasek goes on to discuss that none of these can be seen or adapted by watching television. She also states that while content may be seen while watching TV it is really just a quick fix and will not derive children in the long run (Kramer n. pag). Pasek stresses, We know young kids are better when theyre actively rather than passively engaged, and TV is passive, (Kramer n. pag).In this article, Pasek also determines that children under three years of age in no way benefit from television even if it is Baby Einstein, (Kramer n. pag). Studies have also been conducted trying to determine whether or not watching television to great amounts is affecting the eating habits and fountainhead of young children. A study published by US Journal Pediatrics found that more psychological difficulties dealing with peers, emotional issues, and hyperactivity are apparent to develop with children who spend numerous hours daily in front of television or playing video games (YahooNews n. pag). Researchers studied 1,013 children ages 10 to 11 and had them established a 25-point questionnaire, a self-report about daily hours watching television or playing games, and measured their physical activity using an accelerometer in which the kids wore around their stem for seven days (Yahoo News n. pag). It was concluded that children spending two or more hours a day were likely to score higher on the questionnaire which indicated, They had more psychological difficulties than kids who did not spend a lot of time in front of a screen, (Yahoo News n. pag).Even if children are physically active but still spend multiple hours watching television or playing video games, they are still at risk fo r psychological difficulties. Researchers stress the importance of parents regularisation how much these activities are being done to ensure their kids well being (Yahoo News n. pag). A periodical appearing in Medical Post by Amber Lepage-Monette discusses Sonia Miller, a Harvard Medical Student, who conducted a study in 2007 which was a, cross sectional analysis of children taking part in Project Viva, which followed more than 2,000 enceinte women and their offspring.Data on diet and TV time were gathered for 1,203 three-year-old children, (Monette n. pag). After this study was completed, Miller found that for every extra hour of TV the average child viewed per day, they were in taking 0. 06 extra servings of sugar sweetened beverages per day, 0. 32 additional servings of fast food per week, and an additional 48. 7 calories a day. This research also revealed that these children were overpowering 0. 18 fewer fruit and veget satisfactory daily servings along with 0. 44 fewer grams of fiber, and 24. fewer milligrams of calcium per day (Monette n. pag). Miller notes, Previous studies revealed the association surrounded by obesity and TV viewing is not due to time spent watching TV replacing time spent being physically active, (Monette n. pag). From this it can be seen that parents should be thinking twice before placing their kids in front of the TV for long periods of time. On the counterpoint, while there is a strong consensus that television has a negative impact on children, some say it is very much so educational and beneficial.Amanda Dunn, writer for The Age newspaper in Australia, views opinions of various people about the effect of television on children. Mark Mitchell, star of an Australian show Round the Twist, states that while he enjoys engaging children in his show, he worries that television has and will continue to become a babysitter for kids (Dunn n. pag). Lee Burton, senior lecturer in media education at RMIT University Australia, strongly d isagrees and, thinks the babysitter wrinkle is something of a myth, and believes that television is a fine educator and entertainer of children as long as it is regulated, (Dunn n. ag). Even those that find television valuable for children agree that there demand to be some sort of limitation on how much kids are watching. After doing this research and viewing different perspectives, I find myself definite on what I believe is correct for children. I thoroughly believe that television is a necessity for children.It enforces creativity and imagination and further emphasizes the importance of creating an individual within oneself. The various shows geared towards children do an exceptional job at giving them the break from the daily grind that I believe s needed even at a young age. Many shows that are made more for the audience of pre-teens to teenagers also do more than entertain these viewers but also relates to their lives by incorporating real life situations. For example, a sh ow I have always been fond of is Degrassi which is a show filmed in Canada. This show follows teenagers that give ear Degrassi Community High School and follows their triumphs, as well as their losses. Degrassi is ideal for teenagers because it allows them to relate to the situations presented as well as relate it to their own lives and where there is comparison.In this show viewers have witnessed relationships, the reality of STDs, a school shooting, a murder, a suicide, and a school lockdown. It is because of me watching this show that I believe television can educate and enlighten as well as entertain. Every age group has a show that does both of these things for them. I also believe that there needs to be limitations on how often kids watch TV. Studies I have mentioned before show that there are many disadvantages and losses the children will set up if they continue to watch as much television as they have been allotted thus far.People continue to say that they are worried for our extension in the future. Well now there is a simple thing that can be done to assist in shaping a better generation it just needs to be embraced. Children do not need to be at a computer, playing a video game, or watching TV for more than an hour and a half daily. More than this limit will lead to more and more regression of the generation. Television shows have become a global phenomenon to children of all ages.Clothing, food, games, toys, and many more can be seen surrounding children due to the popularity of these shows. As good as it may seem to be able to sit back and watch various shows at night, it has been proven to be bad for the development of children and worsen their health and nutritional stability. Whether one believes TV is a positive or negative occurrence, it cannot be denied that there need to be limitations on how much television children are engaged in daily in order to support children accomplishing their optimal well being.

Agricultural economics

Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. E-mail 2Assistant Professor, Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. E-mail Abstract A progressive factory farm serves as a powerful engine of economic growth of any c economic crisisnish. It tendings in initiating and sustaining the growth of other(a) arnas of the parsimony. In mess of this, after independence the Government of India adopted a positive approach and specific programmes like new agriculture technology were lay ind. Indian farmers being poor were non in a position to deal these expensive inputs.Then the Indian Government started the scheme of subsidies on the purchase of various agriculture inputs to facilitate the farmers. Subsidies argon often criticized for their financial burden, on the other chip in there is a idolatry that agriculture mathematical product and income of farmers would rule out if subsidies atomic number 18 curtailed. The find ings indicate that the increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electrical energy and irrigation) is higher than coarse cropped degradeed e call down (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods.There is a lot of variation to find out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in regularizes throughout the study period. The show up study suggests that Government should keep aside its motive to please voters or tone up the vote cuss, it should frame rational policy in which sm each size category farmers, who are not actual beneficiaries of subsidies, could get much and subsides, which they do not want should be withdrawn.Keywords-agriculture, electricity subsidy, fertilizers subsidies, irrigation subsidy, productivity. I. Introduction The socio economic structure, which prevailed prior to the British rule in the country, resulted in the organization of self-sufficient villages. It has been maintaining some k ind of atmospherics equilibrium. The Indian peasant, though not properly educated, has adequate experience of farming systems and he has been dependent on it for the means of living.The Royal commission of Agriculture in India observed that both the methods of cultivation and social organization exhibit that settled order which is characteristic of all countries in which the cultivating peasant has long lived in and nigh adapted himself to the conditions of a particular environment. The Indian agrarian rescue on the eve of independence was critical in situation. It could be characterized totally primitive, deteriorative and turbulent.After partition, the country is left wing with 82 per centime of the total population of undivided India as well as only with 69 per cent of land under rice, 65 per cent under wheat and 75 per cent under all cereals. The deficiency of intellectual nourishment grains is quite alarming and aggravating at that time (Chahal, 1999). In view of this, a fter independence tremendous efforts are made to boost the thriftiness through agriculture as one of the tools for development.The Government of India adopted a more positive approach and hence a well definedpolicy of integrated production programmes with defined targets and a proper dissemination programme is adopted along with other measures for the overall economic development of the country. Specific programmes like new agriculture technology are shut ind to convert agriculture into a successful and prosperous business, to clear more land under cultivation and to raise agriculture production. In India, the adoption of new country technique is dear(p) than that of traditional method of cultivation.In traditional method, inputs are least expensive, on the other hand, inputs in advance(a) technology like high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, farm mechanization and irrigation are very costly and Indian farmers being poor are not in a position to buy these expensive in puts. Then on the recommendations of food grain scathe committee (Jha Committee), the Government of India started the scheme of subsidies on purchase of various agriculture inputs to facilitate the farmers (Singh, 1994).Subsidies have occupied agricultural economists for a long time because they are pervasive in agriculture, even though they are often applied in ways that benefit aboutly richer farmers, cause inefficiencies, lead to a sarcoid fiscal burden, distort trade, and have negative environmental effects. sylvan subsidies can play an important role in early phases of agricultural development by addressing market failures and promoting new technologies (Fan, 2008).All of these subsidies by reduction the prices of the inputs, served in the initial distributor points of green revolution, as incentives to the farmers for adopting the newly introduced seed-cum-fertilizer technology. These helped in raising the agricultural output, after some time, the substance paid on thes e subsidies began to rise. The input subsidies have often been accused of causing most harmful effect in terms of reduced public investment funds in agriculture on account of the erosion of investible resources, and wasteful use of scarce resources like water and pastoral Subsidies In India Boon Or Cursewww. iosrjournals. org 41 Page power. Further, apart from causing unsustainable fiscal deficits, these subsidies by encouraging the intensive use of inputs in limited pockets have led to natural depressionering the productivity of inputs, reducing employment elasticity of output through the substitution of capital for labour and environmental degradation such(prenominal) as lowering of water tables. (Gulati, 2003).In India, at march centre as well as state governings are providing subsidies on fertilizers, irrigation (canal water), electricity and other subsidies to marginal farmers and farmers cooperative societies in the form of seeds, development of anoint seeds, pulses, cot ton, rice, maize and crop insurance schemes and price support schemes etc. Out of these subsidies, the Central Government of India provides indirect subsidies to farmers on the purchase of fertilizers from 1977, whereas state governments are providing subsidies on irrigation as well as on electricity (Government of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Chandigarh).Review of literature of the past theory and practice is necessary when conducting any research work. Sharma, (1982) examined the impact of agricultural subsidies on topic income and agricultural production. For this purpose the reservoir used the time period from 1970-71 to 1981-82 and a general equilibrium model. The study revealed that during this period, agricultural subsidies affected the field income and agriculture production positively. Gupta, (1984) tried to analyse the agricultural subsidies in India from 1970-71 to 1982- 83.The author used linear regression model. The study showed that during this period, the use of agricultural subsidies change magnitude at faster rate but there was a large inter-state disparity. Sharma, (1990) revealed in this study that subsidies have become unsustainable. In order to release resources for higher investments in the agricultural field, large scale price and institutional reforms are adopted to relieve the pressure of subsidies on the exchequer. Gulati, (2007)reviewed the trends in government subsidies and investments in and for Indian agriculture.The author suggested that to sustain long-term growth in agricultural production and therefore provide a long-term solution to poverty reduction, the government should cut subsidies of fertilizer, irrigation, force play and credit and affix investments in agricultural research and development, rural, infrastructure and education. Promoting non-farm opportunities are to a fault important. From the above studies, it may conclude that agriculture subsidies are a widely distributed phenomenon.Some studies showed t he distribution pattern of agriculture subsidies in different countries and in different states of India. Whereas some studies showed the impact of agriculture subsidies on income of farmers of different states of India, on agriculture production, on gross cropped area, on cropping pattern etc. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden. Some researchers assert to the extent that these should be withdrawn in a phased manner, such a step will reduce the fiscal deficit, improve the efficiency of resources use, funds for public investment in agriculture.On the other hand, there is a fear that agriculture production and income of farmers would free fall if subsidies are curtailed. These are very important issues, which need serious investigation. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden. The objectives of the present study are to study the growth and distribution of agricultural subsidies in India, to study the impact of agricultural subsidies in India, to suggest ways and means for giving agricultural subsidies to farmers of India.The present study is related to agricultural subsidies in India from 1980-81 to 2008-09. In this study agriculture subsidies of fertilizers, electricity, irrigation (canal water), seeds, machinery etc. are discussed during pre-liberalisation period (1980-81 to 1985-86), first phase of liberalisation period (1990-91 to 1996-97) as well as during second phase of liberalisation period (2000-01 to 2008-09). For analysing the growth and distribution pattern of agriculture subsidies, five zones i. e.south zone (includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep), west zone (includes Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli), east zone (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal), north zone (Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi and Chandi garh) and north-east zone (Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Sikkim) have been taken.II. Gross Cropped Area in India Land is the fundamental basis for the most of the human or natural activities and is one of the major natural resources on earth. untaught productivity is entirely dependent on the availability of suitable land (State of Environment Punjab 2007). In India, there are competing demands of area available for cultivation from increase in rural habitations, forestation, urbanisation and industrialisation.Consequently, gross cropped area in the country has registered a rapid deceleration in its growth over time (Bhalla, 2009). In this section, an attempt is made to analyse the gross copped area (GCA), total subsidies, fertilizers, electricity and subsidies at India as well as zone levels. The gross cropped area (GCA) in India during 1980-81 to 2006-07 is shown in table 1. This table reveals the west zone got topmost position, fo llowed by north zone, south zone, east zone and north-east zone throughout the study period.In India, GCA has shown variations i. e. it has increased from 1,73,324 m hectares in 1980-81 to 1,85,403 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and nurture increased to 1,88,601 thousand hectares in 1996-97, it has declined to 1,86,565 thousand hectares in 2000-01 and further declined to 1,75,678 thousand hectares in 2006-07. As zone-wise analysis shows that in west zone, the GCA has Agricultural Subsidies In India Boon Or Curse www. iosrjournals. org 42 Page increased from 69,882 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 75,659 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and further increased to 78,097 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 72,833 thousand hectares in 2006-07.In north zone, it has increased from 38,806 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 42,132 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 39,780 thousand hectares in 2006-07, whereas in south zone, the GCA has increased from 32,363 thousand hectares in 1 980-81 to 34,688 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and further increased to 35,333 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and declined to 35,271 thousand hectares in 2000-01 and again increased to 36,368 thousand hectares in 2006-07.In east zone, the GCA has increased from 27,514 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 28,741 thousand hectares in 1990-91 and declined to 27,416 thousand hectares in 1996-97 and further declined to 20,246 thousand hectares in 2006-07, on the hand the GCA has increased from 4,759 thousand hectares in 1980-81 to 5,163 thousand hectares in 1985-86 and further increased to 6,451 thousand hectares in 2006-07 in north-east zone.Agricultural political economyAgriculture is defined as the cultivation of land for the purpose of producing food for man, feed for animal and fibre or raw material for industrial companies. It also includes the processing marketing of crops. In other words, it embraces all activities involved in the primary and controlled production of plant and animals, s uch as fishing, forestry, farming, livestock, poultry and humiliated scale industries connected with processing of agricultural products. The agricultural sector forms the background of Nigeria economy despite concerted effort in industralisation.Agriculture occupies the pride place as the source of livelihood for over 70 percent of the population. It is accepted as a pre-requisite to economic development. With large scale dependence on agriculture for food, raw-material for industries etc, one would expect production to increase, rather it is disheartening to note that this is not the case. Agriculture has suffered some neglect due to lack of investment since the inception of inunct boom in 1970. In fact, Nigeria is experiencing a decline in the piazza of agricultural production in general, this situation is causing a great concern to the government.Throughout the 1960s, Agriculture contributed 61. 5%. in the 1970s, it declined miserably be 2. 3%. This decline may be attributed to the domination of the nations export by oil since 1970 which accounted for 57. 6% of total export income and blush wine steadily, attaining an overwhelming proportion of 98% in 1981. As a result there was an absolute neglect in agriculture to both God (Gross Domestic Product) and export earnings which has been the major factor dictating the need to reactivate our agricultural products.The need for this re-activity and in effort to revamp this sector has been the reason for raising budgetary allocation in recent years to it. It rose from 6% in 1970s to 22% in 1984. this increase acts as incentive and motivation to farmers, but these farmers while engaging in these agricultural ventures are exposed to a lot of problem like diseases and pest attacks, fire destructions, industrial pollution, machinery breakdown and other problems. To these problems, the farmers need some aids in work or minimizing them. Finance has been one of themost significant problems in the expansion of agri cultural production. This was as a result of the neglect of the agricultural sector following the oil boom of 1970s, when the oil sector become a major aspect of the Nigerians foreign exchange earning. This contributed to the wanting(predicate) funding of the agricultural sector unlike before the boom. Also the establishment of industries in the urban areas during the 1990 1994 National ontogenesis plan to boast industrialization drew the rural populace with identify the farming population to urban cities for search of white color jobs.A stage has reached, that average Nigerians are now underfed. In the words of or P. N. C. Akimbo in 1990 The average Nigerian consumed on the average, some 20. 23 calories per day and 56. 46 grammes of protein per day compared to the food and agricultural organization (FAO)minimum of 21. 91 calaries and 53. 8 grammes of protein. The average Nigerian was and still, is among the worst fed in the world.As a result of these situations the successive Ni gerian Governments showed concern over the decline situation of Agricultural production through policies and programmes aimed at revamping the agricultural production in attempt to encourage increase food production The federal official Government in 1993 tried the National Accelerated food production in programme (NAFPP) during the General Yakulu Gowons regime Under the leadership of General Obasanjo, the Operation feed the Nation programme (OFN) in 1976 dark-green Revolution came up under President Shehu Shagari and Directorate of food Road and Rural infrastructure under the regime of General Basangida regime. Neither of these measures halted the Agricultural decline or any lasting effect on food production.This is because little or no meaningful attempt has been made to change the under create status of the rural dwellers notwithstanding that these people constitute about 95 percent of the total population engaged in Agricultural in Nigeria. It has been attributed that inadequa te funding of agricultural project and programme has contributed in large measures to the government low production of Agriculture in Nigeria, and the government and other financial institutions forms the major sources of finance for Agriculture though policies and programmes. Then what role and impact has the rudimentary curse of Nigeria (CBN) as the bank at the apex of Nigeria Banking system, (Bank of last resort, bank to the government and Banker to other banks) played to reinforce the government policies or revamp the agricultural sector of the economy.The under developed characteristic of the Nigerian economy has made the primaeval Bank of Nigeria to be activity involved in the promotion of rapid economic development of other sector especially agriculture through its development roles unlike in developed economics where the role of central Bank is restricted to development of the financial system. According to Dr Belshaw in his book entitled Agricultural credit in economica lly under-developed countries he wrote that in respect of agricultural credit, a central Bank has an important part to play by constituent to establish, strengthen and promote the extension of commercialised banking facilities and agricultural credit institutions. Professor G.Nwankwo also wrote it for instance mistaken to think and believe that only the function of a central Bank is to control or regulate the financial system it was not conoinced nor thought to be an appropriate function that a central Bank also has to the task of developing the financial system if non existed and of organizing and mobilization of resources for development. To this end, the central Bank of Nigeria embarked on some programmes and policies to curb the under economic development and low trend in agricultural production. These policies include the following i. The provision of credit to marketing board for the purchase of some agricultural produce for export.This has become the restore responsibilit y of the central Bank of Nigeria since May 1968, when the commercial financial still was abolished by the federal Government. ii. The establishment of the Nigeria Agricultural Bank (NAB) in 1976, this Nigerian Agricultural co-operative societies, improve agricultural production and storage facilities and promote marketing of agricultural products through liberal credits to farmers at softer terms. The bank started with a capital of 6 million which has increased to 250 million in 1991 with the CBN contributing 40 percent while the Federal Government has 60 percent share. The functions of the banks includes afford in of loans to small and medium scale farmers. iii.The CBM also used another instrument in financing of agriculture, this is through its credit guidelines contained in its monetary and fiscal policies circulars which required the commercial banks to give preferential treatment to Agriculture. iv. The establishment of Agricultural credit Guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF) in 1977 by both the federal Government and the central Bank of Nigeria. The Act provided 100 million subscribed by the federal government, and the CBN at the ration of 60 percent or 60 million to the federal Government, 40 percent or 40 million to CBN. This is to grantee for loan default made by commercial banks to farmers for Agricultural purposes to the time of 75% of the default. The CBN was also appointed the managing agent of the fund. 2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMSDespite the various policies and programmes mapped out annually for the economic development of Nigeria with emphasis on Agriculture, the agricultural production level remained very low and recently on the decline. Finance has been traced to be the major handicap to the typical Nigeria farmer, inadequacy of modern farming equipment, inputs, basic infrastructure and storage facilities, marketing and distribution system. Then the central Bank of Nigeria the apex bank has been mandated by the federal Government of Nigeria to find a solution to these problems. Consequently, the central bank of Nigeria through its agencies grant credit for the purpose of agriculture. But was faced with the following problems. Inadequate public enlightenment Mismanagement Technological constraints Poor land tenure system environmental constraints Above all financial constraints. Identifying financial constraints as the major handicap to increase agricultural production. The federal government increased its spending on agriculture by 12. 7 percent in 1981 as against 6. 5 percent in 1970s. a total of 8 million was allocated to agriculture during the five years National Development plan 1981 85. still not much has been achieved in food production. To this end, the federal Government through the CBN policies and programmes aimed at adequate financing to increase agricultural productivity, for a nation that can not feed herself is said to be economically undeveloped. 3. OBJECTIVE OF THE exactThe major objective of this study i s to determine and surveil the performance of the central Bank of Nigeria and its agencies to agricultural finance and development. This involves i. To identify the central Bank of Nigeria policies in relation to Nigeria Agriculture. ii. To evaluate various measures introduced to boost agricultural production and agricultural financing and how this affected the realization of the agricultural goals and iii. To identify the problems associated with the implementation of these policies and suggest solution so as to improve agricultural production. 4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Unless the cause of a problem is found, any attempt at solving the problem would likely be effort in futility. But when the basic causes of a problem are identified, solution would be easily found.This research work on the impact of central bank of Nigeria policies in relation to Nigeria agriculture would be of immense immenseness to the policy and credit guideline makers in ascertaining the efficiency of these policies on agriculture in particular and the economy in general. Also from the recommendations and suggestions, the problems and causes of failures in implementation would be taken care of. As the policies involves galore(postnominal) financial and other credit institution the research would be of great worth to these institution, for instance, It would help in assessing the performance and cause of default in credit extension under the Agricultural credit Guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF), the Nigerian Agricultural co-operative bank (NACB) Credit and loan system. The research work when completed will be of use to the following -The farmers and Agriculturist -The central bank of Nigeria (Federal Government).-The entire economy -Finally, this work will serve as an addition to the already existing literature and references in the area of policies of central Bank of Nigeria agricultural financing, monetary economics and finance in general. 5. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The major source of some very vital data on the work of course is the central bank of Nigeria but because of its own policies, the major information areas are not accessible to the public. To this regard, the research has selected the salient roles of the central bank necessary for the research and finically examined and evaluated the effects of these policies in relation to agriculture.It is also very pertinent to state that the scope of this work generally is restricted to the programmes of agricultural financing that are directly under the inadvertence and control of the central bank of Nigeria. 6. STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS The central bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made remarkable impact in Agricultural financing in Nigeria. The central bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made no impact in Agriculture financing in Nigeria. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its polices and programmes has evaluated various measures introduce to boost agr icultural production. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its policies and programmes has made no remarkable measure to boost agricultural production. 7. DEFINITION OF TERMSIt is necessary here to introduce operational definition of some concept to be commonly used in this study for better understanding of the study. These terms are as follows. Development this means the process of sustained increase in both per capital income and total income accompanied by structural modification of the social economic and political environment. Economic growth This refers to the steady process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to bring about rising levels of national income. Economic Development This can be known as nothing less than The upward movement of the entire social system or it many be interpreted as the attainment of a number of ideas of modernization such as a rise in productivity, social and economic equalise section.Modern knowledge, improv ed institutions and attitudes and a traditionally co-ordinate systems of policy measures that can remove the host of undesirable conditions in the social system that have perpetuated a state of under development. Financial Institution These are institutions either private or public that channels loanable funds from savers to borrowers. Example commercial banks and development banks. insurance policy This is a cause oaf action pursed by the government to achieve some development is also a source of raw materials for the teaming industries the product for which modern man has virtually become over dependent on. Butterssing these parts.Enikanselu (1985) stated thus agriculture besides providing food for the people contributes positively to capital solicitation for the purpose of financing the industrial sector. He maintained that the role of Agriculture in the economic development of a nation includes providing an initial stage of development, the purchasing power for the industriali zation of the economy by supplying the necessary raw materials for industries. Uka (1986) in his own opinion on the importance of Agriculture to Nigeria economy assert that Food is a basic necessity of life and it is only on a firm basis of food production that virile economy can be founded.Besides, dependent on external sources of food supply has grave instability consequence because it ties the nations independence to the international policies. Writing on the importance of Agriculture and the preferential treatment effrontery to it by the central bank of Nigeria in policy consider eration and allocation, Egba (1978) Stressed that since 1969 when the first circular was issued to banks, the CBN has consistently given preferential treatment to agriculture which was included in the broad sector refered to as production. This preferential treatment covers both the volume of loans allocated to the sector and the amuse rate chargeable on such loans.Agriculture provides the greatest a venue for employment, income and food for Nigerian populace. Also the position of agriculture as a source of raw-materials for rudimentary industries and a major foreign exchange earner. Thus the government has given such priority to agricultural production because of its realization of the numerous contributions. A highly developed agricultural sector could make to the development of the Nigerian economy Olayade (1986) said the agricultural sector provides employment for about 67% of the active population in the country. It is abundantly clear therefore that this sector has constituted the back bone of our economy until only recently.

Analyzing Poetry Essay

Ezra Pounds poetry is striking in its break from the lacuna verse which occupied the page during the transcendental period. Taking points from Whitmans free verse style, Pound demos the reader a subjective look at poetry. The verse form A Virginal gives the reader both phantoms and tangible feelings of which the narrator is powerless to control (much as the war made countrymen feel a powerlessness in the death of their comrades).This is supported with business sectors such as And left me cloaked as with a gauze of aether (Pound line 5). It is this symbolic castration that war re kick ins which plays a significant role in Pounds poem. Pounds poem warfare Verse Pound gives a rather ambivalent cerebration of World War I. The point of the poem is that he wants poets to give soldiers their m he was speaking about poets winning awards for their poems about the war, of which they had seen no action. The beginning lines of War Verse are, O two-penny poets, be still For you have nine ye ars out of every ten To go gunning for glory with pop guns Be still, give the soldiers their turns (Pound lines 1-2). In either poem this idea of not being able to do anything about the war and the deaths that were the outcome of that war, are the impetus to Pounds feelings. The form of either poem are similar, and the subject matter of course is strikingly the same. In T. S. Eliots view of the past as expounded upon in his bear witness Tradition and the Individual Talent have to do with following tradition.Eliot criticizes poets and critics for only following a tradition that is merely one coevals removed from the present and says that we ought to follow the maturity of the poet, not the country of his work, not the work done with less vigor as we are apt to do. In his essay Eliot says we must(prenominal) understand what it is when we speak of tradition which means that we cannot ignore any of the work, that a poet must strive uphold tradition in knowing the full expanse of li terature (not just the previous generations triumphs) as Eliot states,the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a co-occurrent existence and composes a simultaneous order. (Eliot paragraph 3) For T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock can be said to be the addressing of age, life, and ones personal fight with the discharge of days. The many allusions throughout the poem may be attributed to various issues concerning ones growing old.In line two, for example, Eliot makes the comparison of the evening to an unconscious patient role on an operating table. The consequence of this comparison is that the reader begins to see the evening as not the end of a day, but rather the end of someones life old age. With this allusion use in Eliots poem the reader is allowed to explore their own unde rstanding of how their life has been in comparison to the illustrations used by Eliot. Thus, the reader becomes a part of the poem an active listener in the story/poem told by Eliot.The personification of the time of day at the beginning of the poem, then leads the reader to view the rest of the poem in a manner conducive to that comparison with all of the metaphors dealing with life. This comparison is only pressed in line 23, with And indeed there will be time. This solidifies the metaphor of time, and a persons dealings with it. Eliot seemed to enjoy opus in the metaphysical aspects and indeed this is strongly reflected in Prufrock, while Eliot balances this writing with concrete imagery.Though Eliot insists there will be time, he follows this line with a list of many things that one does throughout his or her life. This expansive list would fill a lifetime, and therefore refute the idea of endless time that line 23 infers. Eliot liked to write in contradictions since humanne ss was full of contention points and paradoxes. The hesitations and frivolous actions of life listed in this poem are not an witness of the ability to achieve these goals, or waste this time, but instead it is a warning that time passes, without respect to the desire or intent of a person.Eliot makes summons of this by indicating that his hair is thinning, something that he does not desire to occur, yet does outside his control. This again is the metaphysical aspect of Eliots writing which could perhaps have been shake by Donnes work, yet Eliots writing style seems to be more realistic than Donnes and Eliot writes with a sort of paying attention to the fringes of humanity and exploring darker concepts of the human mind such as death and time in this poem.Works CitedThe Heath Anthology of American Literature, Vol. II, ed. Lauter, et al (Vols. C, D, a

History of Pakistan 1912 to Date Essay

1206-1526 The Delhi SultanateSome of the earliest relics of Stone Age man were found in the Soan valley border on Rawalpindi, date back to at least 50,000 years. Predominantly an agricultural region, its inhabitants learned to tame and husband animals and cultivate crops some 9,000 years ago. Farming villages dating from 6000 BC have been excavated in Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Punjab. The Indus vale Civilization is considered to have evolved around 2600 BC. Built on the ruins of fortified t gives near Kot Diji, it is now rememberd to have emerged from farming communities of the sector. The Civilization boasted immense cities like Moenjodaro and Harappa. These t professs were advantageously planned, with paved main roads, multistoried houses, watchtowers, food warehouses, and assembly halls. Their people developed an sophisticated script that still remains un-deciphered. The Indus Civilizations decline around 1700 BC is attri scarceed to foreign invaders , who at some sites violently destroyed the cities. But with late research, historians have become unsure as to the exact causes of decline of the Indus Civilization.Aryans, who were rough cattle breeders, came from Central Asia around 1700 BC, seeking grazing land for their herds. Their religion was well developed, with gods identified from elements of nature. They followed a strict caste system, which later became Hinduism. They wrote the first book of Hindu scripture, the Rig Veda, which was a collection of hymns remembered through several generations. Some anthropologists believe that there is no real historical evidence to prove the coming of Aryans, and consider their coming as a myth. In half dozenth century BC, the people of the region were getting increasingly dissatisfied with the Hindu caste system. When Buddha, son of a Kshatriya king preached equality in men, his teachings were quickly accepted throughout the Federal subtract of the Sub-continent. Around the same ti me Gandhara, being the easternmost province of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, became a major agent in the region. Its two cities Pushkalavati, or symbolize day Charsadda near Peshawar, and the capital Taxila, were the center of civilization and culture.Alexander the Great invaded the Subcontinent in 327 BC. Conquering the Kalash valley, he crossed the mighty Indus at Ohind, sixteen miles northwestward of Attock. He then defeated the mighty elephant army of Porus at Jhelum, and began his march towards the long Ganges plain. However, he was forced to plan for homeward sailing when his warwary force refused to advance further. On his way back, a serious wound, received while battling the Malloi people at Multan, finally took its toll, and Alexander died in 323 BC, leaving his conquests for grab among his own officers. Chandragupta Maurya was an exiled member of the royal family of Magadha, a kingdom flourishing since 700 BC on the bank of river Ganges.After Alexanders death, Cha ndragupta captured Punjab with his allies, and later overthrew the king of Magadha in 321 BC to form the Mauryan Empire. After twenty-four years of kingship, his son, Bindusara, who added Deccan to the Mauryan rule, succeeded Chandragupta. Ashoka, son of Bindusara, was one of the greatest rulers the world has ever known. Not only did he rule a colossal empire he also tried to rule it compassionately. After initially causing thousands of lives during his conquest of Kalinga, he decided to rule by the law of piety.He was instrumental in spreading Buddhism within and outside the Sub-continent by building Buddhist monasteries and stupas, and s deathing out missionaries to foreign lands. The Greek king of Bactria, Demetrius, conquered the Kabul River Valley around 195 BC. The Greeks re-reinforced Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara. They were followed in 75 BC by the Scythians, Iranian nomads from Central Asia, and in about 50 BC by the powerful Parthians, f rom east of the Caspian Sea.After defeating the Greeks in 53 BC, the Parthians govern the northern Pakistan area. During their era of trade and economic prosperity, the Parthians promoted art and religion. The Gandhara initiate of art developed, which reflected the repute of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art traditions. The Kushana king, Kujula, ruler of nomad tribes from Central Asia, overthrew the Parthians in 64 AD and took over Gandhara. The Kushans further extended their rule into northwest India and Bay of Bengal, second into Bahawalpur and short of Gujrat, and north till Kashghar and Yarkand, into the Chinese frontier.They made their winter capital at Purushapura, the City of Flowers, now called Peshawar, and their summer capital north of Kabul. Kanishka, the greatest of Kushans, ruled from the year 128 to 151. Trade flourished during his rule, with the Romans trading in gold for jewelry, perfumes, dyes, spices and textiles. Progress was made in medicine and literature . Thousands of Buddhist monasteries and stupas were built and the best pieces of sculpture in the Gandhara School of art were produced. He was killed in his sleep when his own people resisted his unending expansionist pursuits.The Kushans Empire was usurped both from the North, where the Sassanian Empire of Persia eroded their rule. and the South where the Gupta Empire took hold. In the fourth century, due to decline in prosperity and trade, the Kushans Empire was reduced to a new dynasty of Kidar (Little) Kushans, with the capital now at Peshawar. Coming from Central Asia, the whiteness Huns, originally the horse-riding nomads from China, invaded Gandhara during the fifth century. With declining prosperity, and the sun and fireworshipping Huns ruling the land, Buddhism gradually disappeared from northern Pakistan, taking the glory of the Gandhara School of art with it.After the defeat of Huns by Sassanians and Turks in 565, the area was mostly left to be ruled by small Hindu kingdo ms, with the Turki Shahi rulers controlling the area till Gandhara from Afghanistan, and the raja of Kashmir ruling northern Punjab, and the areas east of the Indus. Buddhisms decline keep as more people were converted to Brahman Hindus. Overthrowing the Turki Shahis, the Central Asian Hindu Shahis ruled from 870 till the year 1008. With their capital realized at Hund on the Indus, their rule extended from Jalalabad in Afghanistan to Multan, and covered as far north as Kashmir.Fasting Buddha from Gandhara region, Central Museum, LahoreBuddha in Dhyana Mudra preserved in Julian monasterySlave Dynasty 1206-1290Khalji Dynasty 1290-1320The founder of the Khalji Dynasty in South Asia, Malik Firuz, was originally the Ariz-iMumalik appointed by Kaiqubad during the days of decline of the Slave Dynasty. He took advantage of the political pointlessness that was created due to the incompetence of the successors of Balban. To occupy the throne, he only had to remove the infant Sultan Kaimur s. On June 13 1290, Malik Firuz ascended the throne of Delhi as Jalal-ud-din Firuz Shah. Khaljis were basically Central Asians but had lived in Afghanistan for so long that they had become different from the Turks in terms of customs and manners. Thus the coming of Khaljis to power was more than a dynastic change. As majority of the Muslim population of Delhi was Turk, the arrival of a Khalji ruler was not much welcomed.Yet Jalal-ud-din managed to win the hearts of the people through his mildness and generosity. He retained most of the officers holding key positions in the Slave Dynasty. His own nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji, killed Jalal-ud-din and took over as the new ruler. Alauddins reign is marked by advanced administrative and revenue reforms, market control regulations and a whirlwind period of conquests. It is considered the golden period of the Khalji rule. However, before the death of Alauddin, his house was divided into two camps.This resulted in the crowning(pr enominal) collapse of the Khalji dynasty. On one side were Khizar Khan (Alauddins son and the nominated hair to the throne), Alp Khan (Khizars father in law and the governor of Gujrat) and Malika-i-Jehan (wife of Alauddin and sister of Alp Khan). Malik Kafur led the other camp, who was one of Alauddins most trusted nobles. Malik Kafur managed to win the battle of politics and succeeded in making Shahab-ud-din Umar, a young prince of six years old, as the successor of Alauddin and himself became his regent. However, later his own agents killed Malik Kafur.After the death of Malik Kafur, Qutb-ud-din Mubarik Shah, another son of Alauddin removed his younger brother Umar from the throne and became Sultan in 1316. Mubarik was a worthless ruler and most of his time was spend in drinking and womanizing. During his rule the power was actually in the hands of a unwashed Hindu slave, who was given the title of Khusraw Khan by Mubarik himself. Khusraw, with the help of some of his friends ki lled Mubarik and declared himself the Sultan. With this the rule of the Khalji Dynasty came to an end.Tomb and College of Alauddin Khalji, although the grave is now missingThe incomplete Alai Minar, built by Alauddin KhaljiTughluq Dynasty 1320-1412During his rule, Khusraw replaced Muslim officers by Hindu officers in all key positions of the country. These Hindu officers openly insulted Islam, dishonored mosques and used copies of the Quran as pedestals for idols. This situation was in truth difficult for the Muslim of South Asia to digest. They gathered around a Tughluq noble popularly known as Ghazi Malik, who defeated and killed Khusraw. He wanted to give power back to the Khalji Dynasty, but could not find any survivor amongst the decedents of Alauddin. In this situation, the nobles asked him to become Sultan. He ascended the throne on September 8, 1320, and assumed the title of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah, so becoming the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. The Tughluqs belonged to the Qarauna Turk tribe.After becoming Sultan, Ghiyas-ud-din cin one casentrated on crushing the Hindu rajas, who had gained power during the short rule of Khusraw. He conquered Bengal, which was no longer part of the central empire since the death of Balban. When he came back after the successful Bengal expedition, his son Jauna Khan gave him a very warm welcome. When Ghiyas-ud-din was taking the guard-of-honor, the special confront that had been constructed for the occasion fell down, killing Ghiyas-ud-din and six other people. His son Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded him. Muhammad Tughluq was a man of ideas. He tried to implement a number of his own schemes.Unfortunately for him, almost all his schemes failed and he became unpopular amongst the masses. When he died, his cousin, Firuz Shah was raised to the status of Sultan. Firuz Shahs long rule of 37 years is known for his wondrous administrative reforms. Due to old age, Firuz Shah handed over power to his son Muhammad Shah duri ng his lifetime. The new Sultan proved incompetent and was not liked by the nobles. A civil war like situation was created. Firuz Shah helped in cooling down the tension and replaced Muhammad Shah with Ghiyas-ud-din, his grandson, as Sultan.However, after the death of Firuz Shah in 1388, a tussle once again began between the power-hungry princes of the house of Tughluqs. The nobles, who in order to gain more power, started supporting one prince or the other, further worsened the situation. This period of fighting amongst the Tughluq princes continued for about quarter of a century. Amir Timurs invasion on Delhi in 1398 further destroyed the political and economic standing of the Tughluqs. The dynasty eventually came to an end in 1414 when Khizar Khan founded the Saiyid Dynasty in Delhi.Saiyid Dynasty 1414-1451Saiyids Dynasty, claimed to be a descendent of the Prophet of Islam, Hadrat Muhammad (S. A. W.). Thus his established rule is known as the Saiyids Dynasty. Khizar collaborated with Timur during his invasion on India. As a reward, on his departure from the area, Timur made Khizar the governor of Lahore, Multan and Dipalpur. When Mahmud Shah, the last of the Tughlaq rulers, died in 1412, Daullat Khan Lodhi and Khizar both attempted to occupy the throne of Delhi. Tomb of Muhammad Shah Saiyid In 1414, Khizar won the battle and established the rule of his dynasty in Delhi. Although Khizar Khan was completely sovereign, he preferred to rule in the name of Timur, and then in the name of Timurs successor, Shah Rukh.As a result of Timurs invasion and the continuous wars for succession among the successors of Firuz Shah, a number of states and provinces of the Sultanate of Delhi declared their independence. Khizar tried to reintegrate these states through force, but failed in his mission. During his rule, the Sultanate was reduced to Sindh, Western Punjab, and Western Uttar Pradesh. Khizar died a natural death on May 20, 1421. His son Mubarik Shah succeeded Khizar. Unlike his father, Mubarik declared himself Sultan.His rule was full of internal and orthogonal revolts. On February 19 1434, two accomplices of his wazir, Sarwa-ul-Mulk, killed him. The reign of his successors, his nephew Muhammad Shah and Muhammads son Alauddin Alam Shah, were also marked by political instability. The territories of their empires were reduced to a distance of ten miles from Delhi to Palam. Finally, Buhlul Lodhi employed Delhi and established his rule. Thus the era of Saiyids Dynasty came to an end in 1451.

Pina Bausch

Dance is an expressive art form, it gives the choreographer and dancers a chance to be able to release and engage their ideas through physical practice. Not all pieces have a meaning but may have an aesthetic train of semiotic gist. As an audience we recognise and interpret figurehead, sometimes this is non conscious as this is an analysing tool that we all use to read situations in fooling life. This essay studies the piece The Rite of Spring (1974) by Pina Bausch (1940-2009). Bausch was a German current dance choreographer who rebelled against ballet and made her own twist on dance.The religious rite of spring was cardinal of her many frantic pieces. Bausch uses emotion, costume and staging to make this piece individual and unforgettable. Bausch uses a mix of responsive gestures and powerful unanimity movement she goes into great depth and detail to portray the subject of human sacrifice. The stage dancing has been carefully thought out and you can see this by watching the piece, it has a phatic semiotic level. The music ac companying the piece is composed by Igor Stravinsky (1882- 1971) the piece has three sections (Introduction, Omens of SpringDances of the Youths and Maidens, Ritual of Abduction). in that location are many instruments used assist the piece explore different pitches and tempos giving more scope to play with as a choreographer. Some of the instruments used piccolos, flutes, English horn, clarinets, bass part clarinets, bassoons, contrabassoons, French horns, piccolo trumpet, trombones, tubas, timpani, bass drum, triangle, and strings. Phrase one Female solo explosion. Performer Movement set Sound 1 vulnerable woman wearing a cerise outfit. Her constituent is be sacrificed. She is trained dancer, her facial expression shows distress. Stillness, explosive movement, drops and falls, repetition of the motivation of the head falling towards the blast and being flung back up again. The spatial affect was of one female and then the rest of the group huddled together in a staggered clump. Whilst dancing the women doesnt travel far but covers a space and keeps moving within it. The music used is very intense and dramatic, its use of tempo and pitch add to the nature of the piece and adds picture to the dynamics in the choreographed movement. In this artistic styleology the female performer wears a see through red dress exposing one of her breasts, this shows her vulner superpower and is referential to the fact that red can mean dying. The piece has a phatic semiotic level as the stage has been set in a certain way which draws watchfulness to the female, as the other performers are set in a staggered clump giving the impression of a group relationship. Whilst the woman explodes into dance the rest of the company stand watching in fear as she jerks herself to death.The choreography used is very repetitive as she collapses to the floor and back up again, the strength and ability shown through her movement is very believable as you see the tension moving through her body. The way the performer repeats the motif of her head swinging to the floor this could be a metalinguistic level as we associate this kind of movement with stress and frustration. Phrase two circle sacrifice Performer Movement Space Sound A mix of male and female dancers. Males have just trousers on and women just chiffon dresses. They are all trained dancers, and their facial expressions in this phrase are neutral. Starts with slow walks and repetition of the same motif of the head being swung towards the floor. As the phrase goes on the movement turns jerky and more energy is cast off into the phrase as the movement is developed. The only of the stage is covered as the dancers create a spacious circle. Highlighting the main focus of the red dress that is in the centre of the circle. The music starts slow and quiet as the movement starts to pick up the music complements it as the tempo gets faster. There is a blaring explosion of music twice in this phrase. This phrase consists of many different devices such as unison work, canon, motif development and partner work. They start the phrase in a spacious circle, and the red dress is left in the centre this indicates the power of the dress and shows that they are all in fear of being the one chosen to be sacrificed. Again the as the dress is red in colour it is referential to the fact red could mean dying. There is a motif that is repeated throughout the piece but is more apparent in this phrase as they all dance it in unison and then it develops further it is the motif of them swinging their head towards the floor and back up again.This could be metalinguistic as we associate this movement with frustration, aggravation and disturbance. As the motif is developed it gives the audience trace level signs as it is embedded in the work and creates the idea of the aggravation and frustration excelling further. As stated above there is also an ele ment of partner work used the proxemics suggest an intimate relationship and the movement used suggests vulnerability from the women.The music starts quiet and gradually picks up as the movement and motif develops this makes the audience feel the emotion and state that all the performers are in as it does not take the emphasis outdoor(a) from the movement content. In the phrase all the performers collapse to the floor, this sudden fall is accompanied by a loud explosion of music it adds such payoff and shows the phatic level of semiotics as it was obviously rehearsed that way to make the dynamic stand out. Bausch has put so much detail into the choreography, staging and costumes the overall effect is the meaning and depth of the piece.The two phrases that are analysed above use similar choreography although both are unique in different ways. Phrase one female solo explosion, the attention is drawn to the one female dancer that is dancing her solo. The impression that comes across is the thought of her being alone as the other performers are all stood together watching on. In comparison phrase two- the circle sacrifice, the feeling and staging makes the group seem as a whole and that they are all equal this is because they all move the same in unison and no one is singled out.In phrase one the movement content is jerky, energetic and extremely emotional for the one female dancer whilst the rest of the group are swaying gently this implies that the feeling that the female is experiencing is most defiantly not of which the group are. Phrase two on the other hand shows that the group are together and are dancing as a whole. The contrast mingled with phrase one and two are not that different as they are both following the same theme of sacrifice making the choreography through the piece restricted into what style and practice is used.The Rite of Spring is an exceptionally meaningful piece that shows the difference between the royal ballet and modern dance. The twist widens the restrictions and enables people to dance without having all the Ballet technique. The two phrases above certainly stand out in the piece and add to the story telltale(a) ability. To conclude the analysis of this piece has been very intriguing to watch the performance in a different light, it helps you understand and helps you see the nature of the piece and how it was made. Bibliography

Related Local and Foreign Literature Essay

Local LiteratureAn article from The Philippine Star dated August 7, 2012 by Louella D. Desiderio authorize Businesses urged to use Internet to push products. It shows that businesses are informed to use the Internet for promoting their products and services as more consumers are going online to research before making purchases. Companies should consider using online advertisements for the products and services they offer as more and more the great unwashed are using the Internet to research goods they plan to buy before making the purchase.It also states that in the Philippines, the study showed that well-nigh 70 percent of consumers first make a research of their purchases online even if they purchase offline. This trend shows the potential of growing the business by going online.It is associate to the study because it informs businesses that online advertizing is very effective. It also shows that whether small or big businesses, they can easily turn in the benefits of online a dvertisements of reaching users at a time of relevance anywhere Local StudyA research study conducted by Jean Louisse Villanueva Concha and Jossa Kristine Cruz Soler from University of the Philippines Diliman on April 2012 entitled The Rise of Online publicizing and its Impact on the incoming of the Philippine Newspaper. The researchers conclude that online activity has reached an unprecedented rise owing to the popularity of social networking sites and the easier accessibility to computers and the internet for more people. As much(prenominal), and with more methods of interactive and high-octane publicize available online.The rising online presence causes advertises to invest more online advertising rather than publisher advertising and the dwindling of report readership causes advertisers to flee from the newspaper as another advertising medium has taken place. It is related to the study because online advertising is really popular to business and to audience or customers because its more sluttish to spread online ads than newspaper which will be more answerful to businesses also. unusual LiteratureAn article from Web Designer magazine dated 2013 by Steve Jenkins entitled Pay As You Go Advertising. It shows that for most types of advertising, advertisers pay for people to see the ad. With Google Adwords, the advertiser only pays when someone clicks on the ad and visit the weathervanesite ofthe business. The advertiser have complete control of adjusting or customizing the ad campaigns like how much to spend, who sees the ad, and where and when the customers see it. It is related to the study because it tells about Google Adword which will be of much help to advertisers and the business itself. It also shows that it is easy for advertisers to make an ad campaign of the business because they have the complete control and also help the business to be popular.Foreign StudyA research study conducted by Shuai Yuan, Ahmad Zainal Abidin, Marc Sloan and Ju n Wang from Cornell University of Ithaca, New York on June 2012 entitled An Interplay among Advertisers, Online Publishers, Ad Exchanges and Web Users. The researchers conclude that Internet advertising is a warm growing business which has proved to be significantly important in digital economics. It is vitally important for both blade search engines and online content providers and publishers because web advertising provides them with major source of revenue. Its presence is increasingly important for the whole media industry due to the influence of the web.For advertisers, it is a smarter alternative to traditional marketing media such as TVs and newspapers. As the web evolves and data collection continues, the design of methods for more targeted, interactive, and friendly advertising may have a major impact on the way our digital economy evolves, and to aid societal development. It is related to the study because Google online advertising is one of the internet advertising in w hich it helps lots of businesses. Since Internet advertising is a fast growing business, it also help the economy.Local LiteratureAn article from Adobo Magazine dated February 3, 2013 by Sanserif, Inc. entitled Online Advertising to Surpass soft touch and TV in 2013. It shows that online advertising has continued to grow, achieving 10% year on year growth recording $813.25 million for the three months ending September 2012. The results of the Online Advertising Expenditure Report (OAER) by IAB Australia, compiled by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), show that while the general advertising market is softening, online advertising is on track to surpass both newspaper and TV advertising in 2013. It is related to thestudy because it shows how effective is online advertising to businesses that it became on track to surpass both newspaper and TV advertising in 2013. It also shows that online advertising is continuously growing and becoming more effective to advertisers and businesses.Foreign LiteratureAn article from HBS Working Knowledge dated August 17, 2009 by John Quelch entitled Quantifying the Economic Impact of the Internet. It shows that Businesses around the advertising-supported Internet have incredible multiplier effects throughout the economy and society. Ironically, online advertising and the commercialization of the Web achieved important goals of the resisters mostly to preserve the Web as a medium for free publishing and communications. The Advertising-Supported Internet also helps the economy by procreation innovation, entrepreneurship, and productivity. It is related to the study because it represents the impact of advertising in the economy by stressing how effective is online advertising and how online advertising helps the economy. Advertising through internet also has inclined lots of benefits to businesses and also our economy.Foreign StudyA research study conducted by Matthew Duncan from Elon University in North Carolina, join States on Novem ber 18, 2011 entitled Identifying incompatible types of web advertising and its impact on consumer buying behavior. The researcher concludes that since the explosion of Internet, web companies have invested an abundant of money into online advertising. Other forms of advertising such as in-store ads, print ads, and television and radio ads are still important but online advertising is growing significantly. Even with this explosion of online advertising, there are many different forms of advertising that is used on the Internet.Increasingly innovative types of advertising are coming into existence as the Web matures. The major types of online advertising are pennon ads text ads, interstitials, pop-ups ads, opt in mailing, HTML ads, and rich media ads. It is related to the study because it represents that internet is rapidly growing instead of other forms of advertising. Because of online advertising, lots of companies or businesses have braggart(a) and became more popular since ad vertisements were advertised globally and can be seen by lots of people because of the web.A dissertation conducted by Bharat Vyas. Nanduru from University of Westminster in London, united Kingdom on August 30, 2012 entitled Measuring the Effectiveness of Online Media Advertising. The researcher concludes that Advertising resources assigned to internet media have grown dramatically all over the past few years. This growth is suggestively driven by search and performance. Measuring online advertising effectiveness is a very intricate process particularly in an ever changing environment where new resources are constantly developed every passing day. It is related to the study because online advertising like Google Adword have grown and help businesses to deliver more information to the potential customer at a relatively low cost.A research study conducted by Minchul Kim from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States on August 2013 entitled The Effects of Online Advertisements and News Images on News Reception. The researcher concludes that in recent years, a growing number of people have considered the Internet to be their major source of news. In contrast, the number of subscribers to traditional newspapers have decreased drastically so has the advertising revenue for the newspaper industry.The decrease in adverting revenue for the industry increases the dependency of online news services on online advertising revenue which perpetuates the symbiotic relationship between the newspaper and advertising industries for audiences eyeballs in the era of the Internet. It is related to the study because online advertising is one way of attracting new customers and to spread advertisements easily. Google Online Advertising and other online advertising program became useful now because a lot of people were using the internet.http//repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/15268/1/Tom%C3%A1s%20Alves%20-%20Thesis.pdf local lithttp//technology.inquirer.net/36111/three- important-truths-in-online-search-and-advertising http//business.inquirer.net/14495/se-asia-consumers-lead-in-online-ad-acceptance http//technology.inquirer.net/40582/targeting-why-online-ads-work